Q&A Hero

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. primary sensory or motor regions of the cortex b. secondary sensory or motor regions of the cortex c. association areas Brodmann area 1

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. primary sensory or motor regions of the cortex b. secondary sensory or motor regions of the cortex c. association areas Frontal pole

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. acceleration b. muscle spindles c. intrafusal fibers d. Golgi tendon organs e. sustained lengthening f. muscle tension g. extrafusal fibers h. muscle length i. nuclear bag fibers j. nuclear chain fibers Structure that provides feedback concerning muscle length

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. acceleration b. muscle spindles c. intrafusal fibers d. Golgi tendon organs e. sustained lengthening f. muscle tension g. extrafusal fibers h. muscle length i. nuclear bag fibers j. nuclear chain fibers Muscle fiber that is triggered to contract, to normalize the length of the muscle, when a muscle is passively stretched

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. acceleration b. muscle spindles c. intrafusal fibers d. Golgi tendon organs e. sustained lengthening f. muscle tension g. extrafusal fibers h. muscle length i. nuclear bag fibers j. nuclear chain fibers Type of muscle fiber that attaches to muscle spindles

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. acceleration b. muscle spindles c. intrafusal fibers d. Golgi tendon organs e. sustained lengthening f. muscle tension g. extrafusal fibers h. muscle length i. nuclear bag fibers j. nuclear chain fibers Structure that senses muscle tension

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. acceleration b. muscle spindles c. intrafusal fibers d. Golgi tendon organs e. sustained lengthening f. muscle tension g. extrafusal fibers h. muscle length i. nuclear bag fibers j. nuclear chain fibers Type of fiber that conveys information concerning acceleration

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction A neuron is capable of representing differences based only upon this characteristic of firing

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction The time after excitation during which the neuron may not be excited to fire

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction Location where communication between neurons of the nervous system occurs

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction The electrical potential measurable prior to excitation

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction Occurs when a neuron is excited sufficiently to permit full activation

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction Results from the presence of myelinated fibers and nodes of Ranvier

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction Passage of this into the synaptic cleft will either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron

Q: Match each term to the correct descriptor. Terms may be used more than once or not at all. a. synapse b. neurotransmitter c. action potential d. depolarization e. resting membrane potential f. absolutely (absolute) refractory period g. relatively (relative) refractory period h. rate of response i. amplitude of response j. saltatory conduction When this occurs to a membrane, the exchange of ions between extracellular and intracellular space occurs

Q: What is the effect of aphasia on a person, and what important intervention can help this client eventually lead a normal life?

Q: What is the effect of acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol use on the brain?

Q: What is the role of a muscle spindle, and how is a muscle spindle innervated?

Q: What are the two types of sleep apnea, and what are the characteristics of each disorder?

Q: Define dysarthria, as well as the symptoms of flaccid dysarthria, spastic dysarthria, ataxic dysarthria, hyperkinetic dysarthria, and hypokinetic dysarthria.

Q: What is myasthenia gravis, what causes this disorder, and what are the major symptoms?

Q: Input to the motor strip arises from the ____________________ strip.

Q: The ____________________ of the frontal lobe is the region involved in initiation of the motor act.

Q: Bilateral damage to the parahippocampal lobe will result in profound ____________________ deficit.

Q: ____________________ refers to generation of novel words.

Q: ____________________ refers to difficulty naming objects.

Q: Brocas and Wernickes areas communicate by means of the ____________________ fasciculus.

Q: Nonfluent aphasia, also known as ____________________ aphasia, arises from frontal lobe lesions.

Q: ____________________ aphasia is also referred to as fluent aphasia.

Q: Damage to the inferior temporal lobe often results in ____________________ deficit.

Q: Receptive language function occurs predominantly in ____________________ area of the dominant cerebral hemisphere.

Q: The ____________________ hemisphere appears to be specialized for spatial and holistic elements, such as face recognition, speech intonation, melody, and perception of form.

Q: The ____________________ hemisphere appears to be specialized for the process of analysis, favoring discrete, sequential, rapidly changing information.

Q: Auditory information presented to the right ear is processed predominantly by the ____________________ hemisphere.

Q: Language function in the majority of individuals is located in the ____________________ hemisphere of the brain.

Q: The ____________________ association area (anterior to Brodmann area 6) is involved with integration of information in preparation for the motor act, as well as higher-level cognitive processes.

Q: The ____________________ association area includes regions of the parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole (temporal lobe), cingulate gyri (parietal and frontal lobes), and orbital surfaces (inferior frontal lobe).

Q: The ____________________ association area includes portions of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes (Brodmann areas 39, 40, and portions of 19, 21, 22, and 37), and receives input from auditory, visual, and somatosensory regions, permitting the integration of this information into language function.

Q: ____________________ dysarthria is characterized by paucity of movement, such as that seen in Parkinson's disease.

Q: Tics, tremors, athetosis, and dystonia are all termed ____________________.

Q: ____________________ dysarthria is characterized by extraneous, involuntary movement of speech musculature, in addition to movement produced voluntarily.

Q: ____________________ dysarthria arises from damage to the cerebellum or to the brainstem vestibular nuclei, or both.

Q: ____________________ refers to increased reflexive response.

Q: ____________________ refers to increased muscle tone.

Q: ____________________ dysarthria arises from bilateral damage to upper motor neurons of the pyramidal (direct) and extrapyramidal (indirect) motor pathways.

Q: ____________________ refers to low muscle tone.

Q: ____________________ dysarthria arises from damage to lower motor neurons or their cell bodies.

Q: ____________________ is a speech disorder arising from paralysis, muscular weakness, and discoordination of speech musculature.

Q: The ____________________ area is found in the medial portion of Brodmann area 6, and is involved in speech initiation.

Q: Brodmann area number ____________________ is the premotor region.

Q: Brodmann areas 4 and part of 6 make up the ____________________ gyrus of the cerebrum.

Q: The posterior portion of Brodmann area 22 is termed ____________________ area.

Q: The primary reception area for auditory information is Brodmann number ____________________.

Q: The primary reception area for somatic sense is the ____________________ gyrus.

Q: The secondary processing area for vision is Brodmann area number ____________________.

Q: Brodmann area number ____________________ is the primary reception area for vision.

Q: The primary reception area for ____________________ is within the calcarine fissure.

Q: The primary reception area for vision is within the ____________________ fissure of the occipital lobe.

Q: Theories of ____________________ state that attempts to localize function are generally fruitless and that the brain functions as a whole.

Q: _________________________ transduce information concerning tension placed on tendons.

Q: ____________________ sensors transduce information about muscle length.

Q: ____________________ fibers are muscle fibers of the muscle spindle.

Q: ____________________-twitch muscle fibers are involved in fine and rapid motor function.

Q: ____________________-twitch muscle fibers are involved in maintenance of posture.

Q: Acetylcholine is a ____________________.

Q: A motor unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the ____________________ it innervates.

Q: A ____________________ unit consists of a motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates.

Q: The point of communication between nerve and muscle is the ____________________.

Q: Neurotransmitter substance is released into the ____________________.

Q: ____________________ is a substance that is released from the terminal (end) button of an axon, and causes either excitation or inhibition of another neuron or excitation of a muscle fiber.

Q: The nodes of Ranvier of the myelinated axon support ____________________ conduction.

Q: The ____________________ of the myelinated axon support saltatory conduction.

Q: The ____________________ period is a period during which the membrane may be stimulated to excitation again, but only with greater than typical stimulation.

Q: The ____________________ period is the time during which the cell membrane cannot be stimulated to depolarize.

Q: A(n) ____________________ potential is a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra- and extracellular spaces.

Q: A potential difference of 70 mV between the intracellular and interstitial spaces is found at ____________________ potential.

Q: ____________________ proteins open when they receive adequate electrical stimulation.

Q: ____________________ relates to the ease with which ions may pass through a membrane.

Q: ____________________ are atoms that have either lost or gained an electron (negative particle), causing them to acquire either a positive or a negative charge.

Q: A major difference between slow- and fast-twitch fibers is that a. one neuron may innervate thousands of slow-twitch fibers. b. one neuron may innervate as few as 10 fast-twitch fibers. c. slow-twitch fibers are important for sustained contraction. d. all of the above.