Q&A Hero

Q: Explain the inclusionary and exclusionary standards for defining specific learning disabilities.

Q: Summarize the causes of speech and language disorders.

Q: With regard to nondiscriminatory testing, IDEA does NOT require that tests, assessment procedures, and evaluation materials A) be nondiscriminatory on a racial or cultural bias. B) be administered in the language or form most likely to provide accurate information on the child's abilities. C) be administered by bilingual personnel. D) include a variety of assessment tools.

Q: Ty has a condition of the eye muscle where the two eyes are not properly aligned and two images are received by the brain simultaneously. What condition does Ty have? A) aniridia B) strabismus C) hyperopia D) cataracts

Q: Michael is a student with multiple disabilities. His educational and functional skills are very limited but he is included in the general education setting for portions of the school day. What should the teachers do for Michael to enhance his general education experiences? A. Let him complete tasks that are within his abilities. B. Determine another placement for Michael since he cannot handle the regular education setting. C. Create opportunities for him to benefit from peer tutoring. D. Let Michael sit in the back of the classroom and sleep.

Q: Sheila and her parents would like her to participate in her IEP meetings. You would like to prepare Sheila to become an active participant in the meetings and her education. What would you suggest to prepare Sheila for the meeting? A. Role-play the meeting with Sheila. B. Review Sheila's current IEP with her before the meeting. C. Have Sheila fill out the IEP paperwork during the meeting. D. Send her the IEP to study ahead of time.

Q: Researchers have found that depression has a biological cause, which has A) resulted in increased blame being placed on parents. B) caused concern among educators who feel they are ill-equipped to deal with medically-based disorders. C) changed the focus from early intervention to more intensive interventions at the high school level. D) allowed for the development and use of medications prescribed for specific conditions.

Q: Akiva, a student from India, is being evaluated for special education. Her parents want to know whether Indian students were part of the standardization population for the tests that she will take. In other words, they want to know A) if there is a separate version of each test for Indian students. B) if Indian students were part of the group that the test developers used to determine valid and reliable test questions and answers. C) whether there is a Hindi version of the test that has been developed by Hindi-speaking assessment experts. D) whether Akiva will be evaluated by a test that was developed in India.

Q: Portfolio-based and other alternative assessments rely on the use of rubrics with specific: A. Formats B. Instructions C. Criteria D. Guidelines

Q: Mr. File teaches history. His teaching style is to lecture to his students and require them to write notes and important dates to study for the chapter tests. A suggestion for Mr. File to differentiate his instructional process would be to: A. Have the students read the chapter on their own. B. Provide visual or graphic organizers to accompany the lectures. C. Tape record the lectures for students to listen to later. D. Continue with the lectures, there is nothing wrong with this teaching style.

Q: Which statement about standardized testing of students with disabilities is TRUE? A. Few students with disabilities actually receive any accommodations in assessment and testing. B. Most students with disabilities are not able to take state accountability assessments, even with assessments. C. IDEA does not allow for the creation of alternative assessments. D. Students with the most significant cognitive deficits may take alternative assessments.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a cause of retinal damage? A) changes in blood vessels of the eyes, caused by diabetes B) excess oxygen to infant C) genetic eye disease D) reduced function of the optic nerve

Q: Which child is more likely to be referred and identified as having an emotional or behavioral disorder? A) Jennifer, a Caucasian female B) Joaquin, a Hispanic male C) Jamal, an African American male D) Jai, an Asian American male

Q: James frequently disrupts other students when he needs to be working independently on his assignments. You have discussed this behavior with James but it continues. An appropriate instructional intervention would be: A. When James is disruptive, send him to the principal's office. B. Move James to a different part of the classroom away from other students. C. Use advance organizers to guide James' learning on independent assignments. D. Inform James' parents of his behavior and ask for help.

Q: The use of data-based decision techniques is: A. IEP-linked body of evidence B. Performance assessment C. Rubrics D. Portfolio-based alternative assessment

Q: For children who are of school age, __________ are the usual source of referrals to special education. A) general education teachers B) special education teachers C) parents D) school counselors

Q: Dante is legally blind, so he A) cannot read from printed material. B) is eligible to receive federal and state benefits. C) has no functional use of sight. D) must have central visual acuity that is 20/100 or less, corrected.

Q: Ileana is a college sophomore who is thinking of majoring in education, but is worried about increasing violence in the schools. Ileana should know that A) she will have few behavioral concerns as long as she teaches at an elementary school. B) violence that results in student and teacher deaths has risen slightly, but general verbal defiance has not increased within the last decade. C) school violence is actually on the decline, and schools are the safest place where children can spend their days. D) violence tends to occur less in rural or suburban schools, so she should try and get a job outside of a big city.

Q: The most frequently implemented accommodation for students with learning disabilities is: A. Taking an alternative test B. Having tests read out loud C. Testing in a separate setting D. Extra time to take a test

Q: Which of the following is when teachers collect student products, similar to portfolio assessment, but use them to illustrate how well a student has mastered content aligned with standards? A. IEP-linked body of evidence B. Performance assessment C. Rubrics D. Portfolio-based alternative assessment

Q: New research findings on children in poverty show that A) poverty alone does not account for the academic difficulties exhibited by students, but rather only magnifies existing racial disparities caused by teachers' negative perceptions. B) poor learners can catch up to the achievement of their affluent classmates, with intensive intervention that lasts at least three years. C) when poor learners are taught in classrooms where the class size is less than 14, their skills improve to match those of their more affluent classmates. D) when schools provide after-school tutoring, snacks, and boxed meals for the children to eat in the evenings, the skills of poor children eventually improve to match those of their more affluent classmates.

Q: A maze task and read aloud are two measures in: A. Reading probes B. State tests C. Testing accommodations D. Writing probes

Q: Blindness means A) not having functional use of sight. B) not being able to see anything. C) the same as legally blind. D) only being able to see in fully lighted conditions.

Q: Ms. Lane wants to reduce the disruptive behavior of one of her students. What validated practice would most likely accomplish this? A) bribe him with candy B) get the student engaged in his work C) praise him for good behavior, even if the behavior was questionable, in order to develop his self-esteem D) try to get to know him and understand his frustrations

Q: Literal counts of the number of times a behavior occurred or the number of intervals in which a behavior occurred is: A. Frequency counts B. Time sampling C. Event recording D. Field observation

Q: A frequently used method of RTI used to track progress in reading, writing, spelling, and math for students with disabilities is: A. Response to intervention B. Curriculum-based measurement C. Nonbiased assessment D. Differentiated instruction

Q: According to IDEA, homeless children are defined as children A) who do not have a permanent residence. B) who do not have a regular or adequate nighttime residence. C) whose residence moves more than three times in a six-month period. D) whose primary residence is unknown.

Q: Mrs. Elefante teaches a class for students with visual disabilities. Most of them will use __________ as their primary method of learning. A) hearing B) vision C) braille D) sign language

Q: Recording the occurrence or nonoccurrence of specific behaviors during short, predetermined intervals is: A. Portfolio-based assessment B. Time sampling C. Event recording D. Field observation

Q: What percent of time is the majority of students with learning disabilities included in the general education classroom? A. 40"79% B. 0"39% C. 80"100% D. 50"89%

Q: Early social skills training has proven effective because research has shown that individuals who participated in programs as first graders were less likely to do all of the following at age 18 EXCEPT A) commit violent crimes. B) drink heavily. C) attend college. D) become pregnant or contribute to a pregnancy.

Q: Larger schools with higher student-teacher ratios and more inexperienced teachers A) tend to have fewer students of color in attendance. B) tend to provide higher-quality instruction, thanks to programs like Teach for America. C) have fewer students with emotional or behavioral disorders. D) result unequal educational opportunities for students from diverse backgrounds.

Q: Which of the following involves simply observing and recording in an anecdotal format what the student is doing? A. Portfolio-based assessment B. Time sampling C. Event recording D. Field observation

Q: Graphic organizers assist students in all of the following except: A. Identifying key concepts B. Verbalizing the information they are learning C. Comparing and contrasting information D. Relating cause and effect

Q: Tamara has difficulty with peripheral vision and is unable to see a wide area. She probably has A) tunnel vision. B) visual acuity problems. C) visual efficiency problems. D) problems with accommodation.

Q: Jennifer has a conduct disorder. Which of the following is most likely true? A) She receives her education in a special education classroom. B) She qualifies for services as emotionally disturbed. C) Her educational program is ensured through IDEA. D) Educational accommodations are made for her through Section 504 and ADA.

Q: Which of the following requires the teacher to accumulate permanent products that exemplify the student's work? A. Portfolio-based assessment B. Formative analysis C. Summative analysis D. Field observation

Q: An environmental toxin that causes intellectual disabilities among low-income children due to paint in older apartments and houses is A) lead. B) mercury. C) asbestos. D) silicon.

Q: A learning strategy that requires students to actively interact with material and promotes intrinsic motivation for learning is: A. Metacognition B. Self-questioning C. Graphic organizers D. Advance organizers

Q: Daniella has a visual disability, but is able to make use of the amount of vision she has. This is referred to as A) residual vision. B) congenital vision. C) adventitious vision. D) peripheral vision.

Q: What percent of students with multiple disabilities spend all of their time in separate educational settings? A. 16% B. 46% C. 24% D. 14%

Q: Learning strategies can help students with disabilities to learn independently and to: A. Assess learning B. Comprehend material C. Acquire information D. Generalize information

Q: Prior to activities such as birthday parties or other social events, Nicole complains of stomachaches. Her mother notices that she appears uneasy and confused about how to interact with other children. She is displaying signs of A) an anxiety disorder. B) depression. C) schizophrenia. D) Tourette's syndrome.

Q: In addition to overrepresentation of students receiving special education services, an additional disproportionality concern that has arisen recently focuses on A) provision of related services. B) special education placement settings. C) due process procedures. D) participation in IEP meetings.

Q: Suggestions for implementing self-monitoring strategies include: implementing self-monitoring strategies after the student has already learned to do the task; teaching the self-monitoring strategy to the student before implementing the strategy; and which of the following? A. Teaching problem-solving skills B. Building in checks to determine accuracy C. Teaching the what-where strategy D. Task sequencing

Q: Three areas in which a teacher can differentiate are curricular content, instructional process, and: A. Product requirements B. Homework length C. Problem-solving steps D. Advanced organizers

Q: The ability to see beyond the direct line of vision or the width of vision is referred to as A) visual depth. B) visual efficiency. C) visual acuity. D) peripheral vision.

Q: Which of the following involves students learning to collect data on their progress toward educational goals? A. Self-instruction strategies B. Student-directed learning strategies C. Antecedent cue regulation D. Self-monitoring strategies

Q: Although he doesn't have the words to describe his thoughts, five-year-old Bruce blames himself for his parents' divorce. He feels rejected by his father, who moved out of the house, and spends most of his free time curled up on his bed, looking out the window. Bruce is displaying symptoms of A) an anxiety disorder. B) a conduct disorder. C) depression. D) social maladjustment.

Q: Using more than one methodology, providing a variety of formats of materials, expanding assessment options, and varying the complexity and nature of the content are elements of: A. Response to intervention B. Embedded learning approach C. Differentiated instruction D. Universal design for learning

Q: Town C would have an underrepresentation problem in which situation? A) The risk ratio for a racial group is 1.0. B) The risk ratio for one racial group is 1.0, and 2.0 for another group. C) The risk ratio for a racial group is 0.5. D) The risk index for a racial group is 0.5.

Q: Teaching students to use their verbal or other communication skills to direct their learning involves: A. Student-directed learning strategies B. Self-instruction strategies C. Antecedent cue regulation D. Self-monitoring strategies

Q: How well a person sees at various distances is described as A) field of vision. B) visual effectiveness. C) visual acuity. D) peripheral vision.

Q: Fifteen-year-old Lani has an intense fear of gaining weight. She refuses to eat more than a few bites of food at every meal and, although she is severely underweight, views herself as obese. Lani is displaying symptoms of A) depression. B) bulimia. C) anorexia. D) social maladjustment.

Q: Which skill is a major one college students with disabilities should be prepared to use in order to be ready for success in postsecondary education? A. Test-taking skills B. Advocacy C. Problem-solving skills D. Content reading skills

Q: Which of the following involves providing visual and/or audio cues to support students to regulate their own behavior and to complete assigned tasks? A. Self-instruction strategies B. Student-directed learning strategies C. Antecedent cue regulation D. Task analysis

Q: Which of the following helps students anticipate the relationship between their prior knowledge and the new material they must master? A. Advance organizers B. Universal Design for Learning C. Priority organizers D. Cognitive organizers

Q: The risk ratio for African American students is 1.0 in Town A, and 2.0 in Town B. Which of the statements below is correct? A) African American students in Town B are twice as likely to be identified as having disabilities as students from other racial groups. B) Town A has an overrepresentation problem. C) Town B has an underrepresentation problem. D) African American students in Town A are two times less likely to have disabilities as students from Town B.

Q: When Erin stops reading a book and looks across the room, her lens adjusts to help her focus on objects at a distance. This adjustment is called A) accommodation. B) modification. C) peripheral vision. D) residual vision.

Q: Jay is an aggressive three-year-old. His parents should be A) unconcerned, as this is common behavior at Jay's age. B) aware that most aggression diminishes once children reach elementary school. C) aware that aggressive behavior during the early years often leads to anxiety disorders in later life. D) extremely concerned, as there is a clear link between early aggression and adolescent violence.

Q: Strategies used by students to modify and regulate their own learning is called: A. Partial participation B. Student-directed learning strategies C. Antecedent cue regulation D. Task analysis

Q: To know the scope and sequence of content being delivered in the general curriculum, teachers should engage in: A. Curriculum-based measurement B. Individualized education planning C. Universal design for learning D. Curriculum mapping

Q: The superintendent of a large school district wonders whether her district has an overrepresentation problem. She compares percentages of the students in each racial group who are receiving special education to their percentages in the overall school population. Which calculation method is she using? A) risk ratio B) risk index C) composition index D) population density

Q: Which principle rejects an all-or-none approach under which students either function independently in a given environment or not at all? A. Partial participation B. Functional participation C. Semi participation D. Maximum participation

Q: The retina A) expands and contracts in response to the intensity of light it receives. B) changes its thickness, thereby bringing objects into focus. C) has photosensitive cells that react to light rays and send messages along the optic nerve. D) can become clouded as a result of cataracts.

Q: Which type of disorder is often underidentified? A) externalizing behaviors B) internalizing behaviors C) aggressive behaviors D) conduct disorders

Q: An instructional program with eleven lessons designed to promote greater student involvement in IEP meetings is: A. Self-advocated IEP B. Self-determined IEP C. Self-directed IEP D. Self-administered IEP

Q: One problem with the federal system of categorization for race and ethnicity is that A) the categories are vague and difficult to determine. B) it has been newly revised, but lack of publicity keeps people from learning about the new system. C) many people do not fit discreetly into one of the categories because they are multiracial. D) while it is inaccurate, revising it would cost the federal government approximately $5.3 billion.

Q: Scanning or direct are types of: A. Display systems B. Output choices C. Symbol choices D. Selection options

Q: The capacity to use a sound system of language to process oral and written communication is: A. Language B. Phonological processing C. Dyslexia D. Phonics

Q: Jeff has just damaged the transparent, curved part of the front of his eye. He has injured his A) pupil. B) lens. C) cornea. D) iris.

Q: An example of an internalizing behavioral problem is A) withdrawal. B) cursing a teacher. C) hitting other children. D) stealing.

Q: Fixed or dynamic are two examples of: A. Display systems B. Selection options C. Symbol choices D. Output choices

Q: The South Valley School District's curriculum is infused with lessons that incorporate aspects of many different cultures to help teach concepts and enhance the learning of its diverse population. This is an example of a __________ curriculum. A) scientifically validated B) culturally neutral C) culturally responsive D) culturally competent

Q: Each is an example of psychological processing except: A. Executive functions B. Processing speed C. Short-term memory D. Semantic memory

Q: AAC devices typically have all of the following features except: A. Symbol choices B. Display systems C. Selection options D. Calculators

Q: In the RTI model, identification of learning disabilities is based on each of the following except: A. Response to instruction in terms of progress rates and performance levels B. Assessment of low achievement using norm-referenced achievement tests C. Application of the exclusionary standard D. Assessment of the IQ-achievement discrepancy

Q: How well individuals can use their sight is described as A) visual acuity. B) visual efficiency. C) visual effectiveness. D) visual ability.

Q: Which of the following enables students who cannot communicate verbally or through other formats, to do so through technology? A. MAP B. AAC C. SETT D. Sign language

Q: An example of an externalizing behavioral problem is A) hyperactivity. B) depression. C) elective mutism. D) anorexia.