Q&A Hero

Q: Joshua's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it with his parents and, even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Joshua's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. indulgent D. indifferent

Q: Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. indulgent D. indifferent

Q: Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. indulgent D. indifferent

Q: Don's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new experiences, and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, the best guess is that Don's parents are: A. authoritative. B. authoritarian. C. indulgent. D. indifferent.

Q: Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference? A. Jerry most likely comes from a single-parent family while Cory most likely comes from a two-parent family. B. Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents. C. Cory most likely comes from an affluent family and Jerry most likely comes from a low-income family. D. Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has indifferent parents.

Q: Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems? A. depression B. aggression C. delinquency D. All of the above.

Q: Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is not true? A. Adjusting to the transition into adolescence may take more of a toll on parents than on the mental health of adolescents. B. Fathers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home. C. Mothers' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest stage." D. Parents' mental health is worse when their teenage children are living at home.

Q: Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which: A. adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language. B. adolescents and their parents communicate in English. C. adolescents use English to communicate with their parents, and the parents use their native language to communicate with their adolescents. D. parents have adjusted to living in the United States.

Q: Bobby's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old, he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. What has this discrepancy been referred to as? A. violation of expectations B. sibling deidentification C. nonshared environmental effects D. indulgent parenting

Q: Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false? A. Adolescents tend to be closer to their mother. B. Fathers are more likely to be perceived as distant authority figures. C. Adolescents fight more often with their mothers than their fathers. D. Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Q: Why is it difficult to determine the exact nature (and direction of the effect) of the relations between family characteristics and adolescent development? A. Adolescent behavior may be a stronger determinant of family relationships than parents' behavior patterns. B. Parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other. C. We cannot tell how parents' parenting patterns impact their adolescents' behavior until it is too late. D. Genetic inheritance has a stronger impact on adolescent behavior than parenting practices.

Q: Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are: A. responsive and demanding. B. demanding and submissive. C. lenient and indulgent. D. submissive and responsive.

Q: Authoritative parents value all of the following, except: A. warmth. B. obedience. C. behavioral standards. D. autonomy.

Q: Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as: A. authoritarian. B. nonresponsive. C. indulgent. D. demanding.

Q: One reason for imbalance or disequilibrium in the family during the adolescent years is that parents: A. are too involved in their own careers to notice their children. B. may be experiencing their own type of "identity crisis." C. may be pushing their child toward financial independence too early. D. are too restrictive of their adolescents' finances.

Q: The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict. A. hormonal surges of puberty B. stage theorists' description of cognitive development C. intergenerational conflict with parents D. midlife crisis of adults

Q: Concerns of adolescents and their parents are often complementary. All of the following issues concern both adolescents and their parents, except: A. the future. B. sexual appeal. C. money. D. adult roles.

Q: Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation. A. younger B. less busy C. more conservative D. older

Q: Which of the following is not one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A. puberty B. changes in the balance of power C. gender of the adolescent D. violations of expectations

Q: Changes requiring considerable adjustment for families with adolescents typically include all of the following, except: A. financial demands resulting from parents being part of the "sandwich generation." B. being the central setting for their adolescent's narrow social world. C. differing expectations about family obligations. D. adolescents' increasing assertiveness and influence in the family.

Q: Many immigrant families place an especially high value on _____, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual. A. familism B. family system theory C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. deidentification.

Q: Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? A. Lee, an 8-year-old B. Robert, a 13-year-old C. Anthony, a 17-year-old D. Edward, a 19-year-old

Q: According to the textbook, one recent study of Mexican-American families found __________ rates of parent-adolescent cohesion during mid-adolescence among __________ families. A. lower; more highly acculturated families B. higher; more highly acculturated C. lower; wealthier D. higher; wealthier

Q: Luis and Carla Hernandez are getting a divorce. It is likely that the family will go through a period of _________ before it can adjust to this challenge. A. disequilibrium B. equilibrium C. disinhibition D. guilt

Q: One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents: A. are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. B. seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at increasingly earlier ages. C. are often home too often and don't give their children adequate freedom. D. may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

Q: After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of: A. how much time they have been alive. B. how much time their children have been alive. C. how much time until their children die. D. how much time they have left to live themselves.

Q: When it comes to matters like religion, adolescents are more likely to be influenced by _____ over _____. A. friends; parents B. media; friends C. media; parents D. parents; friends

Q: Research has indicated that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they define issues very differently. This finding: A. has not been replicated in non-White groups. B. is not true for middle and lower class adolescents. C. has not been replicated internationally. D. has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

Q: Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is false? A. Morals and values are shaped over a long period of time and therefore are less likely to be subject to disagreement between parents and their adolescents. B. Personal tastes in music and clothing shift quickly and are likely to be influenced by peers rather than parents. C. Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. D. The generation gap between parents and adolescents is more likely to be noticed in such domains as music, clothing, and leisure activity than in matters such as ethics and morality.

Q: Which of the following scenarios would Amy, an older adolescent, be most likely to accept her parents' rules? A. whether it is permissible to cheat on a school test B. whether it is permissible to drink and drive C. whether she should let her parents know what time she'll be home after going out D. all of these situations are scenarios where Amy will feel that her parents' have a legitimate right to make (and enforce) rules.

Q: Although conflict between adolescents and parents over mundane matters (e.g., curfews, clothing) is generally _____ frequent in ethnic minority than in White families, the topics of disagreement are _____ across ethnic groups. A. more; similar B. more; completely different C. less; completely different D. less; similar

Q: Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education

Q: Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. A. increase B. decrease C. an initial increase but then a strong decrease D. increase, but only for girls

Q: According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____. A. personal; conventional B. personal; moral C. conventional; personal D. moral; personal

Q: Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when: A. individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence. B. a family's circumstances are changing, such as with divorce or a change in economic status. C. the family equilibrium changes, such as when a family member develops a chronic illness. D. lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

Q: Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance? A. Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. B. One recent study of Black families found that teenagers rated their mother's behavior far more negatively than did either the mother or the researcher. C. Several researchers have demonstrated that family relationships change during puberty, with bickering between adolescents and their parents increasing and closeness between adolescents and their parents diminishing. D. Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary.

Q: Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that: A. most adolescents experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with parents. B. most adolescents resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C. most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents. D. most adolescents become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships with them.

Q: Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is: A. highly likely. B. average. C. not likely. D. not easily predicted.

Q: Research described in the textbook indicates all of the following except: A. juveniles are less likely than adults to understand their rights when being questioned by the police. B. juvenile are more likely than adults to confess to a crime than remain silent. C. juveniles are less likely than adults to discuss disagreements with their attorneys. D. nearly all juveniles under 15 years old are competent to stand trial in a criminal proceeding.

Q: A double shift in social status takes place during adolescence with an increase in both _________ and ___________. A. privileges; expectations B. school work; discipline C. discipline; restrictions D. restrictions; expectations

Q: The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because: A. the stereotypes are usually based on facts. B. the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become. C. most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence. D. the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Q: The tensions that are often assumed to be inherent in the relations between adolescents and adults are referred to as the: A. parent-child rift. B. generation gap. C. empty nest syndrome. D. midlife crisis.

Q: Which of the following statements about family conflict is true? A. Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other developmental periods. B. Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood. C. Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions. D. A large percent of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during adolescence.

Q: As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. These difficulties suggest that: A. G. Stanley Hall was correct in stating that adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B. the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C. their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D. Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.

Q: Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. occupational ambitions. B. educational goals. C. patterns of leisure activity. D. values.

Q: When it comes to basic, core values (e.g., religion, work, education) diversity _________ is much more striking than are differences _________ A. within the adolescent population; between the generations. B. between the generations; within the adolescent population. C. within families; within the adolescent population. D. between families; within individuals.

Q: The popular notion of a "generation gap" has only been supported in differences between parents and children with regard to: A. values and attitudes. B. personal taste. C. mother-daughter relationships. D. father-son relationships.

Q: Popularized about 50 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent. A. youngster B. youth C. teenager D. punk

Q: Which of the following statements is true about Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood? A. It is seen more commonly among politically conservative youth. B. Not all people in their mid-20s fit the profile. C. It is positively associated with economic pressures to support a family. D. It exists in all cultures.

Q: Which of the following was not a result of industrialization? A. new patterns of work B. less time in school C. increased school preparation D. less time working with family members

Q: Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth? A. increased materialism among college students B. a growing college population C. a rise in student activism D. changes in attitudes and values among college students

Q: Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults? A. teenagers B. college students C. individuals in their 20s D. emancipated minors

Q: All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except: A. the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent. B. there are many inconsistencies in the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood. C. once an adolescent is designated as an adult, she or he is also subject to a new set of laws and will be treated differently. D. in some instances, attaining adult status brings with it more lenient treatment under the law, whereas in others, it may be associated with harsher treatment.

Q: One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the textbook was that: A. about 1/5 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. B. about 1/10 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. C. almost all youths are competent to stand trial. D. nearly 75% of youths under the age of 15 are competent to stand trial.

Q: Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager? A. industrialization B. economic freedom C. higher education D. student activism

Q: Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____. A. participation; preparation B. preparation; participation C. working; schooling D. apprenticeship; autonomy

Q: The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the _____ school of thought. A. Revolutionary B. Piagetian C. child protectionist D. inventionist

Q: During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that: A. a separate justice system must exist for juveniles. B. adolescents needed parental permission to marry. C. young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good. D. adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored

Q: Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future. A. less, more B. less; less C. more; less D. more; more

Q: Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? A. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment. B. Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. C. The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. D. Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

Q: Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who: A. develops new products aimed predominantly at the adolescent population. B. argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention. C. believes that many of the problems in adolescence are merely invented by the popular press. D. believes that adolescents need to be kept away from the labor force for their own safety.

Q: Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to: A. ages 3-12. B. ages 5-10. C. anyone under age 18 or 21. D. ages 3-25.

Q: According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until: A. the publication of Seventeen magazine. B. the creation of child labor laws. C. the industrial revolution. D. It has always been recognized as a distinct part of development.

Q: In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? A. what job they performed B. whether they owned property C. marital status D. religious confirmation

Q: The term adolescent became widely used at what time? A. since the 15th century B. since the 18th century C. since the 19th century D. during the 20th century

Q: Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? A. a shortage of job opportunities B. the lengthening of schooling for adolescents C. an increase in crime D. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Q: The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of: A. the Industrial Revolution. B. increases in scientific knowledge. C. political changes resulting from the Civil War. D. the advent of technical careers.

Q: Before industrialization, the term youth referred to: A. all children. B. ages 12-24. C. ages 10-18. D. ages 3-12.

Q: Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained? A. emerging adulthood B. juvenile attainment C. quinceaera D. the age of majority

Q: Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the: A. Piagetian perspective. B. psychometric perspective. C. inventionist perspective. D. contextual perspective.

Q: The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called: A. collective efficacy. B. social redefinition. C. social specification. D. self-image stability.

Q: Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer. A. puberty; school B. marriage; school C. school; puberty D. school; marriage

Q: In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over: A. a relatively long period of time. B. a few days. C. a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females. D. a relatively short period of time.

Q: Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____. A. shortened; abbreviated B. lengthened; prolonged C. shortened; more continuous D. lengthened; abbreviated

Q: Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following: A. earlier onset of puberty. B. later entry into adult work roles. C. later entry into adult family roles. D. later development of emotional maturity.

Q: Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term emerging adulthood, believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood): A. exists in all cultures. B. exists in almost every culture. C. exists in very few cultures. D. exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

Q: Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following? A. functioning as an independent person B. exploring possible identities before making permanent choices C. the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity D. the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

Q: Imagine that your class just finished discussing all of the ways that poverty negatively affects development. After the discussion, one of your peers turns to you and asks, "Why do people need to continue studying poverty? Don't we already know it's bad? Why is neighborhood research so complicated? Can we just use the funds that currently support this type of research to relocate families living in impoverished neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods?" What would you tell your classmate?

Q: Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence? A. biological B. social C. conceptual D. cognitive

Q: Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as: A. status offense. B. scarification. C. social redefinition. D. inventionist.