Q&A Hero

Q: The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____. A. increases; increases B. decreases; decreases C. decreases; remains stable D. increases; remains stable

Q: Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support? A. her friends B. her parents C. an adult expert outside the family D. it depends on the specific issue at hand

Q: Girls are _____ likely to confide in friends than boys. This is primarily because _____. A. more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel better B. less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel vulnerable C. more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel empowered D. less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel weird

Q: Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children? A. play B. association C. shared activities D. loyalty

Q: According to research presented in the textbook, the expression of intimacy is more advanced among adolescent girls than among boys. What is a consequence of this advanced intimacy? A. Girls' mental health is more positively affected than boys' when things are going well in relationships B. Girls' mental health is more negatively affected than boys' when things are going poorly in relationships. C. Both A and B are true. D. Neither A nor B is true.

Q: Which of the following friendship qualities would be most important to Sarah, a 14-year-old female adolescent? A. self-disclosure B. loyalty C. honesty D. openness

Q: Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend: A. criticizes Fatimah's clothes. B. spends more time with a new friend she has made. C. cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister. D. disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

Q: Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called? A. co-rumination B. being intimate C. engaging in mutual self-disclosure D. co-internal working model

Q: Which of the following is described by the textbook as being a "double-edged sword" (at least for girls)? A. emotional mimicry B. self-disclosure C. internal working models D. co-rumination

Q: Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except: A. more stable romantic relationships than their insecure counterparts. B. better academic success. C. rejection sensitivity in adulthood. D. better social competence.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews? A. secure B. avoidant C. dismissing D. preoccupied

Q: Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to: A. be socially competent in childhood. B. be securely attached to close friends in adolescence. C. have positive romantic relationships in adulthood. D. All of these statements are true.

Q: It appears the Daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. For example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Daniel replies, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." Based on the classifications, Daniel would be categorized as: A. secure. B. anxious avoidant attachment. C. anxious-resistant attachment. D. preoccupied.

Q: Jennifer has never had a very good relationship with her parents, especially her mom. Lately, Jennifer has been exhibiting quite a lot of depressive symptomatology along with an extremely disordered relationship with food. Based on research from the textbook and according to the Adult Attachment Interview, which attachment style would you guess Jennifer most likely falls under? A. anxious B. dismissive or preoccupied C. avoidant D. secure

Q: With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to: A. communicate with people they have offline relationships with. B. meet new people. C. spend time interacting with people their parents would not approve of. D. become obsessive, to the point of neglecting in-person relationships.

Q: Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with the oldest child? A. "He always wants to play with me." B. "He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me." C. "He helps me figure out how to build things." D. "He likes to go to the park with me."

Q: Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on: A. play. B. prosocial behavior. C. intimacy and trust. D. association.

Q: Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. early adolescence. D. middle adolescence.

Q: Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is not true? A. Intimacy in sibling relationships is a complicated matter, often including a mix of feelings of affection and rivalry. B. Generally, adolescents say they are less intimate with siblings than with parents or friends. C. Adolescents fight less with brothers and sisters than they do with close friends. D. Arguments with siblings tend to be resolved more through the intervention of parents than by letting things slide.

Q: Over the course of adolescence, conflict between siblings ________, and this may be due to the fact that siblings spend _____ time together in adolescence than they did in childhood. A. decreases; less B. decreases; more C. increases; less D. increases; more

Q: Which developmental period appears to be when warmth and closeness for siblings is at its lowest point? A. late childhood B. early adolescence C. middle adolescence D. late adolescence

Q: The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called: A. attachment. B. goodness-of-fit. C. symbiosis. D. the secure base.

Q: An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment? A. secure B. anxious-avoidant C. anxious-resistant D. anxious-secure

Q: Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria? A. secure attachment B. anxious-resistant attachment C. anxious-avoidant attachment D. indifferent attachment

Q: Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood? A. anxious-resistant B. secure C. anxious-avoidant D. dependent

Q: Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships: A. show that emotional attachments in adolescence were influenced by attachments formed in infancy. B. suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains. C. demonstrate different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains. D. show that early life attachments may not be relevant to relationships developed during adolescence.

Q: During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing: A. a Q-sort technique. B. an intimate ideology. C. an internal working model. D. a social support theory.

Q: Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds: A. a consistent link between infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships. B. little continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships. C. stability of attachment over time that withstands the pressures of major life events. D. early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

Q: The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships is called the: A. Adult Attachment Interview. B. Q-sort. C. Intimacy Measure. D. Adolescent Security Scale.

Q: Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use? A. the Adult Attachment Interview B. the Q-sort C. the Longitudinal Attachment Measure D. the Adolescent Security Scale

Q: Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe: A. oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood. B. the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar. C. the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers. D. an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

Q: One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that: A. adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. B. adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. C. adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression. D. there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether he or she scores high or low on rejection sensitivity.

Q: Research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that: A. intimacy must develop first. B. identity must develop first. C. individuals follow different developmental paths. D. identity and intimacy development are uncorrelated.

Q: Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships with: A. parents. B. peers. C. important non-parental adults. D. Both A and B are correct.

Q: Discuss the changes in the way(s) adolescents think about prosocial issues and the changes in their willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. Do adolescents' beliefs about prosocial phenomena predict the extent to which they engage in prosocial behavior? What do adolescents think about prosocial acts that have a self-serving goal? What types of prosocial behavior are common among adolescents? Who is likely to engage in service learning and what are the effects of volunteering? Is "forcing" adolescents to "volunteer" likely to have positive impacts?

Q: During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls. A. middle adolescence B. late adolescence C. early adolescence D. late childhood

Q: Which of the following statements about intimate friendships for youth adolescent girls is not true? A. they have a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems B. their friendships are fragile C. their friendships are more easily disrupted by feelings of betrayal D. their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' friendships do.

Q: Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional. A. less; more B. more; less C. slightly more; less D. more; never

Q: A. substantial; modest B. modest; substantial C. negligible; substantial D. modest; negligible

Q: During adolescence, the importance of religion: A. increases. B. decreases. C. decreases during early adolescence and then begins to increase. D. remains the same.

Q: According to U.S. surveys, what percent of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group? A. about 85% B. about 50% C. about 35% D. less than 20%

Q: The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy. A. adolescent B. behavioral C. emotional D. cognitive

Q: Madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline: A. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion. B. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against constraints place on her by her parents. C. would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex. D. would be more likely to live in an inner-city neighborhood.

Q: There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life. A. spirituality; religiosity B. religiosity; spirituality C. religion practices; religion search D. religion behaviors; religion quest

Q: Discuss Anna Freud's view, the psychoanalytic approach, of autonomy during early adolescence. How does her perspective differ from that of contemporary writers?

Q: Your aunt and uncle are concerned about whether their teenage children, your cousins, will develop into moral adults. They ask you about adolescent moral development and, in particular, they want to know what they should expect in regard to moral behavior for their children. They are specifically concerned about whether there is a gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. They also want to know what they can do to ensure the healthy moral development of their teens. Explain what you know about Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.

Q: You are giving a guest lecture to a bunch of college students. Define three types of autonomy and describe an example of each.

Q: According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him? A. an adolescent from Mexico B. an adolescent from China C. an adolescent from Japan D. an adolescent from France

Q: When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs? A. during junior high B. during middle school C. during high school D. during the early years of college

Q: Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true? A. Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression. B. Adam is likely to engage in prosocial behavior. C. Adam is likely to have authoritative parents. D. Adam is likely to abuse substances.

Q: Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning: A. correlates positively with prosocial behavior, but not with attitudes toward helping others. B. correlates positively with attitudes toward helping others, but not with actual prosocial behavior. C. correlates positively with both sympathy and empathy, but not with actual prosocial behavior. D. correlates positively with prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.

Q: Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning? A. Latonya, who scores high on both typically masculine and feminine traits B. Talya, who scores high on femininity C. Michael, who scores high on femininity D. Randy, who scores high on masculinity

Q: Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism? A. Ashley, whose parents actively volunteer in the community B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent C. Nancy, who is actively involved in neighborhood church D. Carolyn, who scores high on measures of extroversion

Q: Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is false? A. Engaging in community service leads to short-term gains in social responsibility. B. Engaging in community service increases the importance individuals place on helping others. C. Engaging in community service has a long-lasting positive impact even when it is part of a school mandated service-learning program. D. Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.

Q: In contrast to younger adolescents, older adolescents: A. are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. B. are more likely to believe in autocratic rule and take an acquiescent stance toward government. C. are equally as likely to be influenced by their living environment. D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

Q: Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature? A. increased abstraction B. increased authoritarianism C. movement away from obedience D. greater use of principles

Q: According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following trends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? A. Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities. B. Since 1990, there has been a decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in conventional civic activities (example: voting, contracting elected officials). C. Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has fluctuated. D. All of the above are true.

Q: During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on: A. their own system of personal religious beliefs. B. the teachings of their parents. C. the beliefs of their peers. D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs.

Q: Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that: A. adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment. B. children are more strict observers of religious customs. C. college students are more religiously oriented than children. D. religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

Q: Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning about hypothetical moral problems in an advanced way is not the same as behaving morally. Furthermore, critics have also argued that reasoning about hypothetical life-and-death situations does not tell us very much about the ways people reason in day-to-day problems. What has recent research studies addressing these concerns found? A. These critics are correct in noting that there is little relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. B. Research has indicated that people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. Also, in general, an individual's moral reasoning is indeed related to an individual's moral behavior. C. People who reason at higher stages of moral thought are more tolerant of others' misbehavior; however, the way people reasoning about abstract, hypothetical situations is not related to the ways that people actually behave in real life day-to-day problems. D. Research has indicated that people who reason at higher stages do not necessarily behave in more moral ways; however, the reasoning behind life-and-death dilemmas is absolutely the same as the reasoning behind the problems that people encounter in everyday life.

Q: Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Mark's level of moral development would be described as: A. preconventional stage. B. conventional stage. C. postconventional stage. D. anticonventional stage.

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true? A. In tests measuring moral reasoning, assessments are made in a social vacuum, but such vacuums don't exist in the real world. B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand. C. Situational factors influence moral choices. D. All of the above are true.

Q: Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as: A. a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma. B. an ethical dilemma rather than a personal choice. C. a private issue rather than a personal choice. D. something they are entitled to, rather than an ethical issue.

Q: Individuals who reason at higher levels of moral thought are thought to: A. be less likely to commit antisocial acts. B. less likely to cheat. C. to be more tolerant. D. All of the above responses are true.

Q: As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of: A. moral development. B. peer pressure. C. self-reliance. D. detachment.

Q: According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called: A. principled. B. conventional. C. postconventional. D. preconventional.

Q: Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as: A. emotional reasoning. B. principled moral reasoning. C. self-reliant reasoning. D. autonomous reasoning.

Q: According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at? A. preconventional B. postconventional C. current conventional D. This description does not match one of Kohlberg's levels.

Q: A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional

Q: According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is: A. whether an individual, for example, believes that Heinz should have stolen the drug. B. how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma. C. the reasoning behind an individual's response. D. an individual's choice of words in his or her response.

Q: Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional

Q: More advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. neglectful D. authoritative

Q: Craig is easily persuaded by his friends to engage in illegal and antisocial behaviors. If you had to guess, which style of parenting do you think Craig's mom and dad utilize? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. autocratic

Q: Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for consistent variations in autonomy expectations as a function of: A. gender. B. birth order. C. ethnicity. D. All of the above.

Q: Research studies have generally indicated that the extent to which parents grant their children autonomy depends on the constellation of sons and daughters in the home and: A. their children's IQ. B. the family's financial situation. C. parents' attitudes toward sex roles. D. whether the home is a single-parent family.

Q: According to research presented in the textbook, which individuals are likely to have earlier expectations for autonomy than Asian families? A. White parents B. White adolescents C. White adolescents and their parents D. None of the above. Asian adolescents and their parents have earlier expectations for autonomy than White adolescents and their parents.

Q: All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except: A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues. B. increasing emotional distance from parents. C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis. D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values.

Q: Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy? A. establishing more adult-like relationships with family members B. relying less on your parents for emotional support C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room D. seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

Q: The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory. A. Piaget's cognitive B. Watson's behavioral C. Bronfenbrenner's ecological D. Freud's psychoanalytic

Q: According to research cited in the textbook, susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure is _____ among relatively _____ acculturated Latino adolescents than their _____ acculturated peers. A. higher; more; less B. higher; less; more C. lower; more; less D. none of the above options are true