Q&A Hero

Q: Many adolescents commit acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). What is this and approximately how many adolescents have engaged in this at least once? A. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 25% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. B. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting another person and nearly 25% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. C. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 85% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. D. NNSI is thinking about doing something such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 15% of adolescents have thought about this at least once.

Q: The three types of antisocial behavior discussed in the textbook are: A. overt antisocial behavior B. covert antisocial behavior C. authority conflict behavior D. implicit antisocial behavior

Q: Depression is the most common internalizing disorder of adolescence and afflicts approximately: A. 15% of individuals by the time they are 18. B. 10% of individuals by the time they enter adulthood. C. 50% of individuals by the time they are 18. D. 65% of individuals by the time they are 18.

Q: Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. Margaret's behavior would be considered an example of: A. resiliency. B. an internalizing behavior. C. an externalizing behavior. D. withdrawal strategies.

Q: Bobbie Jo's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bobby Jo has decided to find a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bobbie Jo is using ______ strategies to deal with her stress. A. primary control B. secondary control C. emotion-focused D. scapegoating

Q: What would be a situation where a secondary control strategy would be least effective? A. situations that are uncontrollable B. a situation such as being diagnosed with a serious illness C. a situation such as learning your parents are getting a divorce D. realizing that you have a final exam on Friday

Q: ______ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ______ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems. A. Primary; primary B. Primary; secondary C. Secondary; secondary D. Secondary; primary

Q: Discuss several points of confusion that often surface in discussions of adolescent problem behavior and that lead to exaggerations of its prevalence and seriousness. Four points in particular are important. First, there is a distinction that must be made between occasional experimentation with substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana and more enduring patterns of dangerous or troublesome behavior. Research shows that rates of occasional, and usually harmless, experimentation far exceed rates of enduring problem behavior. Whether parents approve of it or not, experimentation with substances is becoming a normative part of adolescence. However, even though many adolescents have experimented, very few of them report using any substance on a daily basis (cigarettes are the most commonly used, with 10 percent of high school seniors smoking daily). Second, a distinction must be made between problems that have their origins and onset in adolescence and those that have their roots in earlier periods of development. The fact that a problem may be displayed during adolescence does not mean that it is a problem of adolescence. Third, it is important to remember that some, although not all, of the problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature and are resolved by the beginning of adulthood with few long-term repercussions in the majority of cases. Finally, problem behavior during adolescence is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative changes of adolescence itself. a) Distinguish between occasional experimentation and enduring delinquent behavior. b) Some problems begin before adolescence and other emerge at the onset of adolescence. c) Most problems are transitory in nature. d) Problem behavior is not associated with the normative changes of adolescence.

Q: Research has identified all but which of the following as risk factors for suicide attempts during adolescence? A. experiencing extensive family conflict B. being under stress C. having a psychiatric problem D. All of the above are risk factors for suicide and suicide ideation.

Q: To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy. A. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) B. selective dopamine blockers (SDBs) C. selective norepinephrine inhibitors (SNEIs) D. selective melatonin reuptake inhibitors (SMRIs)

Q: According to self-report data, what explains why the male-to-female arrest ratio has decreased in recent years? A. Girls are being arrested more frequently for the same things they did in the past but were not arrested for. B. The proportion of females who engage in violent crimes has increased substantially. C. Both A and B are true. D. Neither A nor B is true. The gender gap in offending has actually increased over the past several decades.

Q: According to the age-crime curve, when does offending peak? A. in adolescence B. in childhood C. in adulthood D. there is no peak; the likelihood of offending increases across the life-span

Q: Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression? A. dejection B. apathy C. pessimism D. fatigue

Q: "Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" and "low self-esteem" would be examples of what type of depressive symptoms? A. cognitive B. emotional C. motivational D. physical

Q: Depression has which of the following types of symptoms? A. motivational B. cognitive C. physicals D. Depression can be manifested in all of these symptoms.

Q: According to recent research, what percent of adolescents have attempted suicide? A. fewer than 1% of both males and females B. approximately 10% of females and 6% of males C. approximately 5% of females and 10% of males D. approximately 20% of females and 25% of males

Q: Which of the following statements about suicide is false? A. Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adults than young people because very few suicide attempts by adolescents are successful. B. The rate of attempted suicide is higher among females than males. C. The suicide rate among 15 to 19-year-olds increased alarmingly between 1950 and 1990. D. Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adolescents than adults.

Q: One explanation for girls' greater susceptibility to internalizing problems, such as depression, emphasizes their greater orientation toward and sensitivity to interpersonal relationships. Specifically, gender differences in the level of the hormone ________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. oxytocin D. leptin

Q: Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called: A. emotion-focused diagnosis. B. the diathesis-stress model. C. epidemiology. D. antecedent diagnosis.

Q: The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called: A. attention deficit disorder. B. negative affectivity. C. hostile attributional bias. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him. Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him back. Alan is probably suffering from: A. attention deficit disorder. B. negative affectivity disorder. C. hostile attributional bias. D. status offense syndrome.

Q: Which of the following is a stable trait over childhood? A. aggressiveness B. impulsivity C. hyperactivity D. All of the above are relatively stable traits over childhood.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not true for individuals high in callous-unemotional (CU) traits? A. Individuals high in CU traits don't experience distress as easily or as often as others. B. Individuals high in CU traits are less likely to empathize with others. C. Individuals high in CU traits show a blunted response to emotional and painful stimuli. D. Almost all adolescents who score high in CU traits are likely to be career criminals.

Q: Which type of intervention has been effective for adolescent-limited offenders? A. teaching them how to resist peer pressure and settle conflict without resorting to aggression B. training parents to monitor their children effectively C. making sure adolescents know that misbehavior has serious consequences D. a combination of all of the above

Q: At what point in history was violent crime among adolescents at its lowest level since 1980? A. 2009 B. 1985 C. 1993 D. violent crime among adolescents has increased steadily since 1980.

Q: Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type of pattern is this? A. transitory delinquency B. negative affectivity C. diathesis-stress model D. adolescent limited offender

Q: When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that: A. both types of offenders have similar antecedents but different outcomes. B. the causes and consequences of the two are very different. C. although males and females are equally as likely to be life-course persistent offenders, males are more likely to be adolescent-limited offenders. D. the risk factors for life-course-persistent offenders differ for males and females.

Q: One of the most consistent predictors of chronic delinquency (or being a life-course persistent offender) appears to be rooted in: A. poor relations with peers during childhood. B. being exposed to disorganized families with hostile, inept, or neglectful parenting. C. academic failure in junior high school. D. pessimistic attitudes about employment prospects.

Q: The biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity is called: A. schizophrenia. B. nervosa. C. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent, he is extremely impulsive and is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Carlos probably suffers from: A. antisocial nervosa. B. obsessive/compulsive disorder. C. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n): A. ADHD child. B. habitual criminal. C. sociopath. D. status offender.

Q: Which of the following would be considered a status offense? A. using marijuana B. being truant from school C. vandalizing property D. All of the above.

Q: According to FBI statistics, individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately _____ of violent crime in the United States. A. one-quarter B. one-sixth C. one-half D. two-thirds

Q: A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows all of the following, except: A. today, the male-to-female ratio in juvenile arrests for violent crime is about 4 to 1. B. in general, violent crime among young people has slightly increased since 1993. C. in general, violent crime among young people has declined since 1993. D. as of 2009, violent crime among adolescents was at its lowest level since 1980.

Q: Kristin has just been the victim of a mugging. Her parents are concerned about how she will react to the crime. What problem(s) is(are) Kristin likely to report? A. sleep deprivation B. depressed mood C. academic problems D. All of the above.

Q: Who is the most likely to be a victim of a crime such as theft, robbery, rape, and assault? A. Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs B. Rose, an adult White woman living in a large city C. Elaine, a White adolescent living in a rural area D. Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

Q: Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence? A. conduct disorder B. delinquency C. substance use D. aggression

Q: Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest all of the following, except: A. between 60 and 80% of adolescents have engaged in delinquent behavior at one time or another. B. ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records. C. nearly one-third of American 17-year-old boys have committed a violent crime in the past year. D. nearly half of all males report being responsible for an assault sometime during adolescence

Q: In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins: A. the easier it is for that person to be treated. B. the more likely the adolescent is to stop the criminal behavior on his or her own. C. the less likely he or she is to be arrested. D. the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

Q: Vince engaged in delinquency as a pre-adolescent and has continued to be in trouble with the law ever since. Now, as a young adult, Vince would most likely be characterized as a _____ offender. A. life-course-persistent B. comorbid C. externalizing D. adolescent limited

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following is the main reason experts advise against applying the term psychopath to people under 18? A. Most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do not continue to do so after their mid-20s. B. Those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences. C. It is very rare for youths to exhibit any psychopathic traits. D. None of the aboveexperts encourage the use of psychopaths as another dimension of antisociality.

Q: What is a reason offered by the textbook to explain why many youth do not receive substance abuse treatment? A. These programs are rarely offered during times that do not interfere with a typical public school schedule. B. There are many stigmas attached to seeking drug or alcohol treatment. C. Many families, especially minority families, cannot afford (or don't have adequate health insurance) to send their adolescent to treatment. D. It is difficult to actually meet the clinical cut-off for "substance abuse"; therefore, it is hard to be accepted into one of these programs.

Q: Which adolescent does not have a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems? A. Aaron, who is a slow learner B. Thomas, who angers quickly C. Dennis, who is impulsive D. Steve, who is inattentive

Q: Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false? A. Distant, hostile, and conflicted family relations are risk factors for developing substance abuse problems. B. An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems. C. An uninvolved, neglecting-rejecting parenting style is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems. D. There are both genetic and family-environmental influences on development of adolescent substance abuse problems.

Q: Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems? A. having excessively permissive parents B. having easy access to drugs C. having friends who use and tolerate the use of drugs D. being involved in a sexual relationship

Q: Glen and Laura ask a counselor what they can do to help protect their teenage son, Jason, from abusing drugs. What might the counselor suggest? A. Enroll Jason in a private school. B. Get Jason involved in a religious group. C. Punish any deviance very heavily. D. Make sure Jason gets an after-school job.

Q: Which of the following is a likely reason that Black youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their White counterparts? A. They don't have money to purchase alcohol. B. They are biologically unable to process alcohol. C. Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking. D. Their celebrity role models do not drink.

Q: Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to reduce drug and alcohol use? A. drug and alcohol education B. raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes C. scare tactics D. laws restricting the sale of these items to minors

Q: Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that: A. these programs are largely ineffective. B. these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than their drug use. C. scare tactics are more effective in changing behavior than rational information. D. random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs.

Q: Young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience all of the following, except: A. increased popularity. B. suffer from psychological distress and depression. C. become involved in dangerous or deviant activities such as crime and truancy. D. engage in unprotected sexual activities.

Q: Which prevention program is most likely to be successful? A. one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at adolescents B. one that focuses on social competence training C. one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at peers, parents, and teachers D. one that focuses on all of these components

Q: Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest: A. placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse. B. drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent. C. the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends. D. most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they only accept adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs.

Q: Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school and late adolescence. Tina is a: A. low escalator. B. early starter. C. high escalator. D. delinquent.

Q: Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted? A. Mavis, who is a frequent drug user B. Jennifer, who irrationally and obsessively abstains from drugs and alcohol C. Vicki, who has experimented with alcohol D. None of the above.

Q: At age 17, Cherise is a frequent drug user. According to one team of researchers who followed a sample of individuals from preschool into young adulthood, it is possible that: A. she had psychological disturbance before the age of 7. B. her problem behavior began a few months ago. C. her problem behavior began by age 15. D. it is her peer group, not her early family relations, that has directed her into using drugs.

Q: Which is not considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence? A. psychological factors B. familial factors C. contextual factors D. educational factors

Q: Studies that have focused on the different developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and drug use have identified all except which of the following groups? A. low escalators B. late starters C. nonusers D. slow escalators

Q: Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Hispanic adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use? A. Alejandra will use fewer drugs than Mina. B. Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs. C. Alejandra and Mina will use more drugs than their friend Sue, an American Indian adolescent. D. Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

Q: Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs? A. Mike, a White adolescent B. Li, an exchange student from China C. Emily, an Asian-American adolescent D. Hector, a Black adolescent

Q: Studies comparing the consequences of drug exposure during adolescence and adulthood have found all of the following except: A. the increased vulnerability of the adolescent brain to the addicting effects of alcohol is compounded by the fact that adolescents don't feel the negative consequences of drinking as profoundly as adults do. B. studies comparing juvenile rodents with adult rodents find that juveniles can drink more than adults before they become tired or have their reflexes slow. C. the consequences of drinking too much (otherwise known as a hangover) are less intense among juveniles than adults. D. juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do.

Q: Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs. A. gateway B. passage C. ritual D. experimental

Q: Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular? A. alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, inhalants B. cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana C. alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine D. cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants

Q: According to recent surveys, which drug is used most on a daily basis by high school students? A. marijuana B. alcohol C. tobacco D. cocaine

Q: For which age group are these statistics accurate: One-third of these individuals have tried alcohol; one in six has tried marijuana, and one in six has been drunk at least once. A. high school seniors B. eighth graders C. college students D. high school sophomores

Q: Eduardo was caught binge drinking on Saturday night. This means that he: A. drinks alcohol every day. B. drinks alcohol every weekend. C. has had more than five alcoholic drinks in a row. D. has had enough alcohol within the past year to cause him to black out.

Q: Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that: A. a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems. B. a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs. C. drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of many adolescents' problems. D. the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

Q: Which of the following has not been supported by research addressing drug use by adolescents? A. Almost half of adolescents have experimented with alcohol and marijuana. B. Many adolescents use alcohol or marijuana regularly. C. Marijuana is the drug most used by adolescents. D. Most adolescents have not experimented with hard drugs.

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true? A. The huge increase in the price of cigarettes over the last couple decades has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents. B. Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents. C. The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors. D. Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over two decades.

Q: Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use: A. are in opposition to messages they receive from parents and teachers. B. are in opposition to messages they receive from the media. C. may relate to their perceptions of how harmful and disapproved of the drug is. D. show a consistent gap in drug use between males and females.

Q: Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today? A. Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at later ages. B. Marijuana is the only substance used by a substantial number of high school seniors daily. C. Experimentation with drugs is less common among younger teens than it had been in the past D. A large proportion of adolescents use hard drugs.

Q: Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son, Henry, and her 17-year-old son, Hector, were caught drinking. Are either of these teenagers likely to become addicted to alcohol? A. Yes, Hector is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult. B. Yes, Henry is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult. C. Both boys will be addicted and continue drug use into adulthood. D. Neither boy; these are both cases of adolescent experimentation.

Q: The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as: A. serotonin. B. dopamine. C. acetylcholine. D. norepinephrine.

Q: Research on problem behaviors suggests that: A. most delinquents are serious drug users. B. risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents. C. the problem behaviors that adults disapprove of are considered by adolescents to be normative, not problematic. D. risky behaviors are more likely to be noticed as clustering together in studies of children than in studies of adolescents.

Q: The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is: A. the subjective state of distress. B. acting-out behaviors. C. depression. D. withdrawal.

Q: Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect an antisocial syndrome just as internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of: A. negative emotionality. B. social control. C. risk-taking behaviors. D. comorbidity.

Q: Which of the following is considered an "internalizing disorder"? A. drug abuse B. anxiety C. truancy D. delinquency

Q: Research shows that the enormous sums of money spent by tobacco companies on marketing cigarettes to teenagers are: A. pretty much a waste because the marketing strategies have little effect on adolescents. B. unnecessary because adolescents would smoke even without the extensive advertising. C. does not cause adolescents to start smoking; tobacco advertising is mainly effective at brand recognition. D. important in getting adolescents to stop smoking because these companies now are required to sponsor antismoking ads.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents? A. They use and abuse drugs more than their counterparts did in previous generations. B. The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure. C. The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents underlies many of the other problems associated with adolescents. D. Although not supported by research, all of the above are popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents.

Q: Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents? A. alcohol B. marijuana C. nicotine D. cocaine

Q: Alcohol is the commonly used and abused substance in terms of: A. prevalence B. recency of use. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B.