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Q:
Discuss the different kinds of learning, and identify the kind of learning upon which culture depends.
Q:
Show how culture can be adaptive and maladaptive. Identify why it is important to understand that culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive.
Q:
Define ethnocentrism and cultural relativism and highlight where they are similar or different. Identify the problems that can arise from cultural relativism in an anthropologist's work.
Q:
Explain the differences between cultural universals, generalities, and particularities. Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q:
Define globalization and identify the forces that are driving it. Discuss how globalization is affecting local peoples, as well as how they are responding.
Q:
Researchers have observed Japanese macaques making and using "termiting" sticks in the wild.
Q:
Humans do not share such features as __________ with chimpanzees.
A. tool use
B. meat eating
C. stereoscopic vision
D. high intelligence
E. visible estrus
Q:
Recent research on chimpanzee eating habits indicates that
A. chimps are habitual hunters.
B. male chimps are exclusive herbivores.
C. chimpanzees occasionally cook meat at volcanically heated springs.
D. while chimps do hunt a little, they get most of their meat by stealing it from predators.
E. chimpanzee hunting is the main reason New World monkeys are almost extinct.
Q:
__________ is unique to humans.
A. Social life
B. Tool use
C. Meat eating
D. Food sharing
E. Preserved kinship systems
Q:
Identify the defining attributes of culture, and provide examples of each attribute. Then, provide examples of each attribute.
Q:
The media help propel a transnational culture of __________, as they spread information about products, services, rights, institutions, and lifestyles.
A. conflict
B. tolerance
C. invention
D. electronic communication
E. consumerism
Q:
The emergence of agriculture in of the Middle East and in Mexico is an example of
A. acculturation.
B. enculturation.
C. independent invention.
D. colonization.
E. diffusion.
Q:
What people say they do or should do is
A. imagined culture.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. agency.
D. ideal culture.
E. verbal culture.
Q:
__________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.
A. Subcultures
B. Globalization
C. Diffusion
D. Hypodescent
E. Pidgins
Q:
Anthropologists consider __________ to be "cultured."
A. educated people
B. key cultural consultants
C. ethnocentric people
D. culturally sensitive people
E. all people
Q:
__________ is responsible for pidgin English.
A. Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Migration
E. Diffusion
Q:
__________ refers to the process by which humans innovate to creatively find solutions to problems.
A. Enculturation
B. Acculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Globalization
E. Diffusion
Q:
Humans do not share such features as __________ with other primates.
A. opposable thumbs
B. enlarged brain-to-body ratio
C. depth perception
D. parental investment in offspring
E. habitual bipedalism
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "all human groups have culture"
B. "culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs"
C. "human groups differ in their capacities for culture"
D. "the capacity for culture is shared by all humans"
E. "cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans"
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "culture is a distinctive possession of humanity"
B. "culture is acquired by all humans as members of society through enculturation"
C. "culture encompasses shared, symbol-based, learned behavior and beliefs transmitted across generations"
D. "everyone is cultured"
E. "culture is transmitted genetically"
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures"
B. "cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others"
C. "cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures"
D. "cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other"
E. "cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated whole"
Q:
Cultural rights different from human rights in that
A. human rights are real, while cultural rights are just perceived.
B. cultural rights are morally based, while human rights are methodologically based.
C. cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals.
D. cultural rights are more clear-cut than human rights.
E. the term cultural rights is a politically correct synonym for human rights.
Q:
__________ is a cultural generality.
A. Life in groups
B. The use of fire
C. Incest taboo
D. Use of symbols
E. Nuclear family
Q:
__________ diffusion takes place when two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war on one another.
A. Forced
B. Direct
C. Indirect
D. Enculturated
E. Bilateral
Q:
__________ describes the cultural change that results when two or more cultures have continuous contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Enculturation
C. Independent invention
D. Colonization
E. Imperialism
Q:
____________ defines processes that are causing nations and people to be increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent.
A. Acculturation
B. Diffusion
C. Globalization
D. Enculturation
E. Independent invention
Q:
_________ is a cultural universal.
A. Hypodescent
B. Hyperdescent
C. Bifurcate merging kinship terminologies
D. Transhumance
E. Some kind of family
Q:
Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture
A. by that culture's standards.
B. in terms of your own culture and values.
C. by government standards.
D. by the universal moral code that we all follow.
E. through rose-colored glasses.
Q:
__________ are cultural particularities.
A. Features of a culture that are isolated from other features in the same culture
B. Features unique to a given culture, not shared with any others
C. Different levels of culture
D. The most general aspect of culture patterns
E. Cultural features exhibited by individuals rather than groups
Q:
Humans use both biological and cultural means to adapt to new environments.
Q:
The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
Q:
The experience of hyperventilation upon reaching a high altitude environment illustrates a long-term physiological adaptation to high altitude.
Q:
Culture is not itself biological, but it rests on certain features of human biology.
Q:
Individuals do not learn culture through
A. genetic transmission.
B. unconscious acquisition.
C. through observation.
D. through direct instruction.
E. conscious acquisition.
Q:
The process by which children learn culture is
A. acculturation.
B. cultural transmission.
C. enculturation.
D. ethno absorption.
E. diffusion.
Q:
__________ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live.
A. Cultural relativism
B. Experimental anthropology
C. Interpretive anthropology
D. Neoevolutionism
E. Practice theory
Q:
__________ is an example of civic culture.
A. Television shows
B. The government
C. McDonald's
D. An unspoken dress codes for funerals
E. A musical performance at the city civic center
Q:
Shared culture means that culture is
A. an attribute of particular individuals.
B. an attribute of individuals as members of their groups.
C. what ensures that all people raised in the same society have the same opinions.
D. universally regarded as more important than the concept of the individual.
E. imposed by more than one person.
Q:
__________ defines a sign that has no necessary or natural connection to the thing it stands for or signifies.
A. Morpheme
B. Lexicon
C. Phoneme
D. Symbol
E. Collateral
Q:
Cultural relativism is
A. a cultural universal, based upon the human capacity to use symbols.
B. the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.
C. a cultural particular, based upon the interrelatedness of humans.
D. the opposite of participant observation.
E. the same thing as ethnocentrism.
Q:
Ethnology is the process of living with a culture for a long time to describe that one culture fully.
Q:
Name the various kinds of work applied anthropologists pursue. Provide one example for each subfield. Discuss the aspects of anthropology that make it uniquely valuable in application to social problems.
Q:
Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is unnecessary as long as you are diligent in your work.
Q:
Linguistic anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other.
Q:
Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
Q:
Anthropologists use the term society to refer to customs and traditions passed from generation to generation through learning.
Q:
Academic anthropology refers to the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to identify and solve social problems.
Q:
The study of material remains like potsherds, buildings, ships, and garbage falls under the subdiscipline of archaeological anthropology.
Q:
The origin of American anthropology traces to an interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans.
Q:
Discuss ways that culture can change the growth and development of an individual's physical body. Include at least one example.
Q:
List and describe at least three types of remains that archaeologists could study. Discuss what archaeologists could learn from each type.
Q:
A scientist who studies the fossil record of human evolution is a(n)
A. paleoanthropologist.
B. archaeologist.
C. ethnologist.
D. treasure hunter.
E. primatologist.
Q:
The study of the relationships between social and linguistic variation is
A. historic linguistics.
B. applied linguistics.
C. cultural resource management.
D. adaptation.
E. sociolinguistics.
Q:
The use of anthropological findings, concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is
A. applied anthropology.
B. economic anthropology.
C. conceptual anthropology.
D. sociobiology.
E. participant observation.
Q:
Cultural resource management is an example of applied
A. ethnology.
B. biological anthropology.
C. archaeology.
D. linguistic anthropology.
E. ethnography.
Q:
Anthropology is a holistic discipline because it
A. has traditionally focused on nonindustrial societies.
B. deals with human culture.
C. does not attempt to make generalizations about humanity.
D. now focuses on industrial societies.
E. studies human biological, cultural, and linguistic variation across both time and space.
Q:
If an anthropologist is studying ethnic-religious conflict in contemporary Sri Lanka, s/he is most likely a(n)
A. cultural anthropologist.
B. linguistic anthropologist.
C. paleoanthropologist.
D. archaeological anthropologist.
E. biological anthropologist.
Q:
Identify the themes and interests that unify the subdisciplines of American anthropology. Your answer should refer to historical reasons for the unity of anthropology in the United States.
Q:
Define ethnography and ethnology. Discuss the importance of each, as well as their relationship in the field of anthropology.
Q:
Identify the four subdisciplines of anthropology. Define each subdiscipline and give one example of something each might study.
Q:
The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes provides an example of a(n)
A. genetic adaptation.
B. long-term physiological adaptation.
C. short-term physiological adaptation.
D. cultural adaptation.
E. archaeological adaptation.
Q:
The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude provides an example of a(n)
A. genetic adaptation.
B. long-term physiological adaptation.
C. short-term physiological adaptation.
D. cultural adaptation.
E. archaeological adaptation.
Q:
A systematic field of study that uses experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena is
A. culture.
B. religion.
C. humanities.
D. science.
E. folklore.
Q:
The question, ___________, was important in the origins of American anthropology.
A. "How are the Neanderthals related to us"
B. "Where did Native Americans come from"
C. "When and where did food production first begin"
D. "How much beer do people in Arizona drink today"
E. "Where do ideals of attractiveness come from"
Q:
A biocultural perspective is ___________.
A. the notion that humans no longer rely on biological adaptation.
B. the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches.
C. using the fact that culture is completely dominant over biological change.
D. synonymous with scientific research.
E. the idea that girls should be gymnasts and boys should play football.
Q:
Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective
A. allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment or solve a particular issue or problem.
B. is the reason it has traditionally studied nonindustrialized societies.
C. is insignificant, since evolution is studied by biological anthropologists while culture is studied by cultural anthropologists.
D. is a product of the participant observation approach.
E. places it in the humanities.
Q:
__________ is least likely to send female swimmers to the Olympics.
A. The United States
B. Germany
C. The Netherlands
D. Norway
E. Brazil
Q:
Ethnology is
A. the study of human speech sounds.
B. the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.
C. the most important subfield of anthropology.
D. the study of ancient ethnic groups.
E. a synonym for ethnography.
Q:
Rathje's garbology project
A. studies the stratification of landfills.
B. is archaeology of modern people.
C. answered the question why people leave things behind for archaeologists to find.
D. is a study of potsherds.
E. was conducted in ancient Egypt.
Q:
The four main subdisciplines of anthropology consist of
A. medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology.
B. archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology.
C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.
D. genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, linguistic anthropology.
E. primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleopathology.
Q:
President Barack Obama's mother, Dr. Ann Dunham, was a(n)
A. primatologist.
B. cultural and applied anthropologist.
C. biological anthropologist.
D. medical anthropologist.
E. archaeologist.
Q:
Four-field anthropology does not claim __________ as a distinctive feature.
A. holistic approach
B. broad cross-cultural comparison
C. the study of human biology, culture, and language
D. that it is a science and a humanity
E. an exclusive focus on contemporary cultures
Q:
Biological anthropologists study all of the following except
A. ancient languages.
B. human biological plasticity.
C. primates.
D. human evolution.
E. human genetics.
Q:
The study of interactions among past living things in a past environment is
A. paleoanthropology.
B. paleoecology.
C. garbology.
D. social archaeology.
E. adaptive anthropology.
Q:
The statement, ____________, is not true.
A. "anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in time and space"
B. "anthropology studies the whole of the human condition"
C. "anthropologists focus in part on the diversity that arises through human adaptability"
D. "anthropology's biocultural approach entails finding evolutionary explanations for all human behaviors"
E. "anthropology offers a comparative, cross-cultural perspective to the study of the human condition"
Q:
The statement, __________, is a distinction between culture and society.
A. "culture is the result of higher education, whereas society is shared by all people"
B. "people share society with other animals, but culture is distinctly human"
C. "culture is genetically programmed, whereas society is transmitted through social learning"
D. "people attain culture through international travel but society is the social environment of their native land"
E. "society rests more upon certain features of human biology than culture does"
Q:
__________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.
A. Ethnology
B. Ethnography
C. Cultural resource management
D. Adaptation
E. Phenotype
Q:
Ethnography is
A. the firsthand, personal study of local settings.
B. the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations.
C. the study of interrelationships among all living things in an environment.
D. a policy aimed at removing groups that are culturally different from a country.
E. the cross-cultural comparison of cultural data.
Q:
Robert and Todd have both recently been diagnosed with a serious chronic illness that will most likely present itself in late adulthood. Discuss how Robert and Todd, similarly aged peers who are exposed to the same stressor, may respond to hearing this news very differently? What are the "best" ways to cope with this news?
Q:
John's sister scores extremely high in depressive symptomatology. He wants to know why, although they have lived very similar lives, she might be at an increased risk for depression during adolescence?