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Q:
Define the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Analyze the extent to which the hypothesis is valid.
Q:
Analyze how socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender differences are reflected in language. Give specific examples.
Q:
__________ refers to all of a language's morphemes and their meanings.
A. Syntax
B. Lexicon
C. Ethnosemantics
D. Ethnoscience
E. Phonology
Q:
Linguists believe that
A. only 120 languages are now spoken in the world.
B. the number of languages spoken in the world is increasing rapidly.
C. nothing can be done to preserve linguistic diversity.
D. all people should study English in order to facilitate cross-cultural communication.
E. the world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half over the past 500 years.
Q:
Minimal pairs are used to identify
A. phonemes.
B. phones.
C. aspiration.
D. allomorphs.
E. bound morphemes.
Q:
The study of sounds used in speech is
A. historical linguistics.
B. sociolinguistics.
C. phonology.
D. morphology.
E. ebonics.
Q:
_________ refers to the arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences.
A. Syntax
B. Lexicon
C. Grammar
D. Phonology
E. Morphology
Q:
The study of the forms in which sounds combine to form words and their meaningful parts is
A. phonology.
B. syntax.
C. morphology.
D. lexicon.
E. grammar.
Q:
Linguistic displacement is the
A. ability to use the rules of language to produce entirely new expressions.
B. lexical difference between a protolanguage and a daughter language.
C. ability to respond to environmental stimuli.
D. linguistic dimension of culture shock.
E. ability to talk about things that are not present.
Q:
__________ refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups.
A. Syntactical vocabulary
B. Spatial vocabulary
C. Focal vocabulary
D. Vernacular vocabulary
E. Temporal vocabulary
Q:
Berlin and Kay's (1969/1992) cross-linguistic study of color terminology revealed that
A. women tend to use fewer color terms and men tend to use more color terms.
B. color terminology was least developed in areas with a history of using dyes and artificial coloring.
C. all languages included sixteen basic color terms.
D. the languages of cultivators in Papua New Guinea and foragers in Australia had more basic color terms than did European and Asian languages.
E. there are only two basic color terms, black and white.
Q:
Sociolinguists study
A. bipedalism
B. speech in its social context.
C. the universal grammar of language.
D. cognitive capacity for language.
E. cross-cultural phonemic distinctions.
Q:
__________ argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all humans have similar linguistic abilities.
A. Edward Sapir
B. Benjamin Lee Whorf
C. William Labov
D. Noam Chomsky
E. Deborah Tannen
Q:
In a stratified society, people who do not speak the prestige dialect still tend to accept the prestige as standard or superior, which is
A. diglossia.
B. creolization.
C. symbolic domination.
D. hypercorrection.
E. style shifting.
Q:
Most professional linguists regard BEV as a(n)
A. protolanguage.
B. distinct language.
C. linguistic anomaly.
D. dialect of English.
E. inferior version of English.
Q:
Deborah Tannen's research on the speech habits of men and women has revealed that
A. there are no discernible differences between the way men and women use language.
B. men tend to make eye contact more frequently than women.
C. women tend to recite information in an attempt to solidify their position in a social hierarchy.
D. men rely more on nonverbal gestures than do women.
E. women tend to use language to build social connections with others.
Q:
In his study of New York department store employees, Labov found that
A. /r/was pronounced most frequently by workers in the upper-middle-class store (Saks).
B. /r/was pronounced most frequently by workers in the middle-class store (Macy's).
C. /r/was pronounced most frequently by workers in the lower-middle-class store (S. Klein's).
D. workers in all three stores pronounced/r/with the same frequency.
E. none of the workers pronounced/r/.
Q:
In the __________ region of the United States, people do not speak with an accent.
A. New England
B. West Coast
C. Southeast
D. Midwest
E. Regional speech variations exist throughout the United States.
Q:
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that
A. the degree of cultural complexity is related to the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication.
B. the languages people speak influence the way they think.
C. the Hopi do not use three verb tenses; thus, they have no concept of time.
D. culture determines what language is able to describe.
E. all humans are endowed with the ability to use language.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "nonhuman primate calls occur in response to environmental stimuli."
B. "nonhuman primate calls demonstrate linguistic productivity."
C. "nonhuman primate calls are automatic and cannot be combined."
D. "nonhuman primate calls vary in intensity and duration."
E. "nonhuman primate call systems produce a limited number of sounds.
Q:
Regular shifting between "high" and "low" variants of a language is
A. displacement.
B. diglossia.
C. semantics.
D. kinesics.
E. lexicon.
Q:
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions is
A. ethnosemantics.
B. biosemantics.
C. protolinguistics.
D. phonemics.
E. kinesics.
Q:
The distinction between emic and etic perspectives does not apply to American culture.
Q:
Traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial Western nations, while anthropologists focused on smaller, nonindustrial societies.
Q:
Longitudinal ethnographic research is the long-term study of a particular culture or society, frequently based on repeated visits.
Q:
Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they are studying only when they intend to take photographs or make recordings.
Q:
The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program to map the location of all living communities on Earth.
Q:
__________ refers to the minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language.
A. Morphemes
B. Phonemes
C. Syntax
D. Grammar
E. Diglossia
Q:
The word pair, _________, is a minimal pair in Standard American English.
A. pit/bit
B. fat/get
C. goof/off
D. ped/pedal
E. gal/legal
Q:
An anthropologist should only have one key cultural consultant for the culture he or she is studying.
Q:
Life history accounts can illustrate individual diversity and how different people deal with the same problems.
Q:
Interpretive anthropology presents ethnography as a dialogue between the anthropologist and one or more native informants.
Q:
Anthropologists today realize that no culture is isolated and that the ethnographic present is an unrealistic concept.
Q:
The Tsimane of Bolivia are the most studied indigenous people in the Western Hemisphere.
Q:
Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules tend to be more indirect and impersonal.
Q:
Good key cultural consultants generally end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography.
Q:
Anthropologists who study small populations must employ sampling and statistical techniques to analyze their data.
Q:
Rapport is important to establish quickly to be an effective participant observer.
Q:
In survey research, __________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population.
A. unknowns
B. questionnaires
C. interviews
D. variables
E. random samples
Q:
The Tsimane live in Bolivia and speak
A. Spanish.
B. their native language.
C. Portugese.
D. English.
E. Creole.
Q:
When researchers began the study of the Tsimane, they decided they would
A. send no doctors into the population.
B. set up a pharmacy for the villagers.
C. send doctors into the population but not provide basic medical care.
D. send doctors into the population for research and to provide basic medical care.
E. build a hospital for them.
Q:
Salvage ethnography is the
A. recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization.
B. recovering of an archaeological site that is about to be destroyed by a public building or road.
C. rewriting an ethnography that was written in the ethnographic present.
D. recording linguistic diversity that is about to become extinct.
E. making sure that ethnography remains an important part of anthropology.
Q:
The AAA disapprove of the Human Terrain System because
A. the program aimed at using land more effectively for farming does not consider the needs of the local populations.
B. it forces archaeologists to excavate areas that are not in danger of destruction and have no impact on current research questions.
C. the AAA would like research to remain focused on American subcultures.
D. the AAA believes the military should make decisions about which research projects should be funded.
E. it places anthropologists in positions that would violate the AAA code of ethics.
Q:
List the differences between questionnaires and interview schedules. Describe the advantage an ethnographer could gain by using an interview schedule instead of a questionnaire.
Q:
Define the difference between emic and etic perspectives. Determine why an anthropologist might want to use both strategies when conducting ethnographic fieldwork.
Q:
Anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, to the wider society and culture, and to the human species, other species, and the environment.
Q:
The fact that __________ gives an interview schedule the advantage over a questionnaire-based survey.
A. interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important
B. interview schedules rely on very short responses
C. questionnaires are completely unstructured
D. interview schedules are better suited to complex, urban societies
E. questionnaires are emic, while interview schedules are etic
Q:
When studying a culture today, anthropologists
A. must focus on one site at one point in time.
B. will not take photos of their informants due to privacy laws.
C. try to find cultures that have never been contacted by another culture.
D. must consider power differentials and how they affect cultures.
E. only study cultures with no access to television.
Q:
Kottak describes his __________ on his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil.
A. culture shock
B. the ethnographic present
C. survey techniques
D. interview schedules
E. bifocality of the local and the outside world
Q:
Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is
A. longitudinal research
B. emic research
C. etic research
D. informed consent
E. participant observation
Q:
Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research
A. studies whole functioning communities.
B. is based on first-hand fieldwork.
C. is more personal.
D. generally focuses on a subset of a larger population.
E. has traditionally been used to study small-scale, nonindustrial societies.
Q:
In survey research, sampling is
A. the collection of a representative subset of a larger population.
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants.
C. participant observation.
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community.
E. the recording of the emic perspective.
Q:
The __________ strategy is unique to anthropology.
A. comparison
B. biological perspective
C. ethnography
D. evolutionary perspective
E. skilled respondents
Q:
__________ is not a characteristic field technique used by ethnographers.
A. The genealogical method
B. Participant observation
C. Conversation
D. Online questionnaires
E. Interview schedules
Q:
__________ refers to the study of an area or population over time.
A. Team research
B. Etic research
C. Longitudinal research
D. Survey research
E. Genealogical method
Q:
__________ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
A. Representative sample
B. Etic informant
C. Key cultural consultant
D. Biased informant
E. Life historian
Q:
The __________ researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations.
A. ethnographer
B. sociologist
C. economist
D. palynologist
E. limnologist
Q:
In survey research, a sample should
A. include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will agree to talk with the researcher.
C. not be randomly selected.
D. be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made.
E. be invariant.
Q:
__________ is a key technique because kinship and marriage relationships are so important in nonindustrial societies.
A. The life history
B. Participant observation
C. The genealogical method
D. The interview schedule
E. Network analysis
Q:
Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on
A. the interpretations of those things that are important to the natives.
B. a particular aspect of culture, such as kinship or religion.
C. the anthropologist's interactions in the culture.
D. the feminist view of culture.
E. a holistic view of all aspects of a culture.
Q:
The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is
A. ethnographic present.
B. interpretive ethnography.
C. reflexive ethnography.
D. classic ethnography.
E. holistic anthropology.
Q:
__________ is the ethnographic present.
A. The dates that the anthropologist was living in the culture
B. The period before Westernization
C. The period that documents cultural change
D. The dates that include cultural contact
E. The date the ethnography was published
Q:
Diffusion plays an important role in spreading cultural traits around the world.
Q:
Cultural generalities may arise through independent invention, when people in different societies devise similar solutions to comparable problems or challenges.
Q:
Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures that they learned as children.
Q:
Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood posed by globalization.
Q:
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
A. designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society.
B. designed to protect anthropologists who conduct fieldwork in remote places and are subject to potentially hazardous working conditions.
C. applicable only to research being conducted in the United States.
D. simply disregarded by most researchers.
E. overly general and thus of little use to most anthropologists.
Q:
To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must
A. get permission from the American Anthropological Association.
B. pay a fee to the individuals who will be interviewed.
C. inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them.
D. get permission from the United State's State Department.
E. hold a PhD in anthropology.
Q:
An anthropologist should remain with the group they are studying for
A. less than one month, in order to not overstay their welcome.
B. a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities.
C. at least five years, in order to see how culture changes over time.
D. six months, in order to interview all members of the culture once.
E. three months, in order to see a full harvest cycle.
Q:
During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
A. be completely useless, as he or she is in culture shock.
B. spend time recovering from jet lag.
C. only hand out gifts to the children of the culture.
D. notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity that eventually fade from consciousness.
E. read background history on the culture.
Q:
The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a postharvest festival like many other societies is the __________ view.
A. etic
B. consultant
C. emic
D. sociologist's
E. participant observation
Q:
Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
Q:
Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.
Q:
The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
Q:
People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.
Q:
Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.
Q:
By definition, a symbol has an intrinsic and natural link to the thing it signifies.
Q:
Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.
Q:
Although culture is one of the principle means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival.
Q:
Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.