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Q:
The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in
A. Melanesia.
B. Polynesia.
C. The Great Plains of North America.
D. Southern Europe.
E. Papua New Guinea.
Q:
The Basseri and the Qashqai
A. were nomadic foraging groups in Iran.
B. enjoyed a symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists.
C. differ in leadership because a Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example.
D. differ in authority structure with the Qashqai featuring a more complex and hierarchical structure than the Basseri.
E. were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
Q:
Big man accumulate wealth because
A. big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B. the term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C. big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D. to become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E. big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q:
The __________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms.
A. narket principle
B. redistribution principle
C. generalized reciprocity
D. balanced reciprocity
E. negative reciprocity
Q:
The term alienation describes __________ in industrial economies.
A. the peasants' loss of land
B. an increasing subculture of poverty
C. negative reciprocity
D. the separation of workers from the things they produce
E. the great distances that separate the homes and workplaces of most people
Q:
All peasants
A. produce food without elaborate technology.
B. live in industrial states.
C. are foragers.
D. sell all of the food they produce.
E. own the land that they cultivate.
Q:
When an individual gives something to someone else but expects nothing in return, this is an example of
A. balanced reciprocity.
B. positive reciprocity.
C. negative reciprocity.
D. specialized reciprocity.
E. generalized reciprocity.
Q:
__________ is not associated with the market principle.
A. Profit motive
B. The law of supply and demand
C. Fixed values for products
D. Bargaining
E. Industrialism
Q:
Paying taxes is an example of
A. generalized reciprocity.
B. balanced reciprocity.
C. the market principle.
D. redistribution.
E. negative reciprocity.
Q:
Potlatch is a
A. festive event where the sponsors give away gifts and gain prestige in return.
B. fastening device for the first pottery to keep animals out of the food.
C. harvest festival in agricultural cultures.
D. lock for the outhouse shaped like a pot.
E. rite of intensification to solidify group bonds.
Q:
When Kottak began researching among the Betsileo in Madagascar, the children ran away from him because
A. he was associated with the schoolteachers, whom no one trusted.
B. he was traveling with his wife, and no one would talk to a woman.
C. they were afraid that he was working for the national government to take away their land.
D. they were afraid that if he took pictures of them, it would capture their souls.
E. they thought he was a vampire.
Q:
The Betsileo of Madagascar view of money changed and now they
A. use coins.
B. have a full economic system.
C. many people desire cash.
D. are self-sufficient.
E. also need money for food.
Q:
In a(n) __________, most leaders will acquire their positions because of their personal backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity.
A. tribal society
B. feudal state
C. imagined community
D. chiefdom
E. agrarian, preindustrial state
Q:
For much of human history, people lived in societies characterized by a __________ sociopolitical organization.
A. band
B. tribe
C. chiefdom
D. state
E. complex chiefdom
Q:
Horticulture differ from agriculture in that
A. the former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B. because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C. agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D. the former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E. horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
Q:
A mode of production is
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture and international mercantilism
B. the land, labor, and technology used in production
C. the way production is organized in a society
D. technology used to produce consumer goods
E. the cultural aspects of an economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry
Q:
When a tenant farmer gives 20 percent of his crop to his landlord, he is allocating resources to a
A. social fund.
B. subsistence fund.
C. ceremonial fund.
D. replacement fund.
E. rent fund.
Q:
Economies are embedded in society because
A. nonindustrial producers do not partake in the results of their labor.
B. nonindustrial economies have little to do with the everyday lives of people.
C. relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
D. governments strictly regulate most nonindustrial economies.
E. most economic activity takes place far from home.
Q:
According to Aihwa Ong, spirit possession of female factory workers in Malaysia is
A. an example of the interrelatedness of religion and economy.
B. an unconscious protest against stressful and exploitive working conditions.
C. the result of a gender-based division of labor, which is unique to Malaysian society.
D. a reflection of the workers' gratitude for having been hired.
E. an example of negative reciprocity.
Q:
Horticulture makes intensive use of
A. labor.
B. land.
C. machinery.
D. capital.
E. none of the factors of production.
Q:
__________ is a characteristic of most foraging societies.
A. Social stratification
B. Sedentism
C. Egalitarianism
D. Irrigation
E. Large populations
Q:
Agricultural intensification is not associated with
A. greater ecological diversity.
B. deforestation.
C. increased regulation of interpersonal relations.
D. increased potential for conflict.
E. population growth.
Q:
__________ is associated with horticultural systems of cultivation.
A. Intensive use of land and human labor
B. Irrigation and terracing
C. Use of draft animals
D. Location in arid areas
E. Slash-and-burn techniques
Q:
Means of production include
A. foraging, horticulture, agriculture, and pastoralism.
B. the market principle, redistribution, and reciprocity.
C. generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.
D. kinship, descent, and marriage.
E. land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Agriculturalists
A. clear tracts of land they wish to use by cutting down trees and setting fire to the grass.
B. generally work less than horticulturalists.
C. must be nomadic to take full advantage of their land.
D. use their land intensively and continuously.
E. diet is more varied than that of horticulturalists.
Q:
The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year. is
A. nomadism.
B. migration.
C. transhumance.
D. potlatching.
E. redistribution.
Q:
__________ occurs in all human societies.
A. Gender-based division of labor
B. Transhumance
C. Highly specialized technology
D. Domestication of animals for food
E. Terracing
Q:
Most present-day foragers
A. primarily fish for subsistence.
B. are wholly dependent on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. live largely in isolation from food-producing neighbors and the influence of the state.
D. live in marginal environments.
E. adopted foraging after abandoning more advanced subsistence strategies.
Q:
Shifting cultivation
A. typically involves the use of draft animals.
B. cannot support permanent villages.
C. requires irrigation.
D. requires cultivators to let exhausted plots of land lie fallow for several years.
E. relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q:
__________ is not one of the adaptive strategies included in Cohen's typology.
A. Pastoralism
B. Redistribution
C. Agriculture
D. Industrialism
E. Foraging
Q:
All humans were foragers until approximately
A. 10 million years ago.
B. 1 million years ago.
C. 100,000 years ago.
D. 12,000 years ago.
E. 1,000 years ago.
Q:
The __________ are not foragers.
A. Basseri (Iran)
B. Australian aborigines
C. Mbuti (Congo)
D. Eskimos (Alaska and Canada)
E. San (Kalahari Desert)
Q:
A common social unit among foragers is the
A. tribe
B. chiefdom
C. segmentary lineage
D. state
E. band
Q:
An obligatory interaction between groups or organisms that is beneficial to each is
A. cultivation.
B. swiddening.
C. fallowing.
D. symbiosis.
E. transhumance.
Q:
People in the Betsileo village of Ivato (Madagascar) felt that they already had all they needed because they produced, rather than bought, almost everything they used.
Q:
Through potlatching, food and wealth were transferred from wealthy to needy communities, while potlatch sponsors and their villages were rewarded with prestige.
Q:
Unlike industrial workers in most developing countries, female factory employees in Malaysia enjoy very good working conditions (e.g., high wages, job security, unionization).
Q:
Agriculturalists often make use of the labor and manure of domesticated animals.
Q:
In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and terraces.
Q:
Although the productivity per area of agriculture is much greater, horticultural yields are more dependable in the end.
Q:
Unlike foraging and cultivation, which existed throughout the world before the Industrial Revolution, pastoralism was confined to North America.
Q:
With transhumance, the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year.
Q:
A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production include land, labor, and technology.
Q:
Societies with the same adaptive strategy also tend to have comparable modes of production.
Q:
With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in an exchange usually do not know each other.
Q:
Many foragers live in mobile bands that may split up during part of the year.
Q:
Describe how economic specialization in industrial nations differs from specialization in nonindustrial societies.
Q:
Describe how people in all societies maximize, and identify what they maximize. Determine if maximization is a cultural universal, and explain your answer.
Q:
Determine if reciprocity, redistribution, and the market principle are mutually exclusive in any given society. Give examples, including contemporary North America.
Q:
Define alienation, and describe the conditions when alienation is more or less likely to occur. Explain why.
Q:
Contrast generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity. Describe how negative reciprocity differs from the market principle.
Q:
Define an adaptive strategy. Identify the five adaptive strategies in Cohen's typology of societies. Discuss how Cohen links economy and social features.
Q:
Noam Chomsky used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society's system of economic production.
Q:
Most modern foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from other modern, agricultural, and industrial societies.
Q:
Nonhuman primate call systems demonstrate linguistic productivity, combining calls to produce new expressions.
Q:
Discuss what anthropologists mean when they say that nonindustrial economies are embedded in society.
Q:
Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic capacity to distinguish between slight variations in color.
Q:
Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics.
Q:
Most English speakers recognize the phonetic contrast between the [ph] in pin and the [p] in spin.
Q:
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that speakers of simple languages are unable to think in sophisticated ways.
Q:
Historical linguists study similarities and differences between languages spoken today in order to make inferences about long-term linguistic change.
Q:
A close relationship between languages does not necessarily mean that their speakers are biologically or culturally related.
Q:
The term protolanguage refers to the limited communication systems of nonhuman primates.
Q:
Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different linguistic groups came into contact with one another.
Q:
Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and expressions.
Q:
Historical linguists study linguistic performance by categorizing speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient.
Q:
The term diglossia refers to linguistic groups that use only two basic color terms (black and white or dark and light).
Q:
Define BEV, and compare it to SE.
Q:
Explain what historical linguists study, and discuss how historical linguistics is relevant to anthropology.
Q:
BEV is a distinct language.
Q:
All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture.
Q:
Syntax refers to the rules that dictate the order of words in a language.
Q:
The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to the ________ language families.
A. Mixe-Zoque
B. Indo-European
C. North Caucasian
D. Dravidian
E. Austro-Asiatic
Q:
The statement, ___________ describes the use of language by apes.
A. "only humans are capable of learning and using language"
B. "apes use American Sign Language in the wild"
C. "apes cannot be taught to use American Sign Language"
D. "only chimpanzees can learn American Sign Language"
E. "apes can learn American Sign Language and have shown the capacity for cultural transmission, productivity, and displacement"
Q:
A mutation in the ___________ has been found between humans and chimpanzees that is likely responsible for the human capability for speech.
A. FOXP2 gene
B. microcephalin gene
C. hyoid
D. lungs
E. tongue
Q:
One of Penelope Eckert's findings about California accents is that when people want to stay, involved in their home community, they
A. develop a unique accent.
B. tend to adopt a speech pattern with less accent.
C. copy the English they hear on radio.
D. tend to talk like locals.
E. often develop extended versions of nonverbal communication among peer groups.
Q:
List the three key characteristics of human language. Discuss whether call systems and ASL-using nonhuman primates display these characteristics.
Q:
Identify the key structures of language, and explain why it is important to know and understand these features.
Q:
Define the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Analyze the extent to which the hypothesis is valid.
Q:
Analyze how socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender differences are reflected in language. Give specific examples.