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Q:
Discuss how Lobola is insurance against divorce. List what types of cultures may require this type of marital exchange.
Q:
List six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish. Discuss how these could be accomplished in a same sex marriage.
Q:
Examine how marriage functions as a kind of group alliance, and determine what role bridewealth and dowries play in creating and maintaining marriage alliances.
Q:
With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
Q:
In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line (not both).
Q:
Discuss the major similarities and differences between nuclear families, extended families, and descent groups (e.g., lineages and clans).
Q:
Determine how the BaThonga of Mozambique's practice of giving lobola (substantial gifts to bride's family) affects their marriages.
Q:
Compare endogamy and exogamy and determine how absolute the distinction is between the two. Use examples to illustrate your argument.
Q:
__________ refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative.
A. Levirate
B. Sororate
C. Polyandry
D. Incest
E. Exogamy
Q:
Rules of endogamy
A. prove that the incest taboo is not a cultural universal.
B. encourage people to disregard social distinctions in choosing mates.
C. tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
D. expand a population's gene pool.
E. result in ever-widening kinship networks.
Q:
__________ refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs.
A. Incest
B. Exogamy
C. Hypogamy
D. Endogamy
E. Polygamy
Q:
In patrilineal societies, lobola like gifts
A. ensure the wealth of the wife.
B. ensure the wealth of the children.
C. make the children born to the woman full members of her husband's descent group.
D. make the husband part of the wife's descent group.
E. has little effect on descent groups.
Q:
The custom of a dowry that goes to the husband's family correlates with
A. low male status.
B. high male status.
C. low female status.
D. high female status.
E. descent inheritance system.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "divorce is more common now than it was a century ago"
B. "the more substantial the joint property, the more complicated the divorce"
C. "divorce is harder in a patrilineal society"
D. "divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states"
E. "substantial bridewealth discourages divorce"
Q:
Polygyny is
A. a situation in which a woman has more than one husband at the same time.
B. the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband.
C. the type of marriage that follows divorce.
D. the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife.
E. a situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time.
Q:
Exogamy is adaptive because it
A. increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need.
B. increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and eliminate them from the population.
C. impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.
D. was an important causal factor in the origin of the state.
E. reduces the gene pool of a community.
Q:
The statement, __________, is true.
A. "Polyandry is found only among mining communities in Madagascar"
B. "Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation"
C. "polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare"
D. "polyandry almost always takes the form of a sororate"
E. "polyandry fails to meet Leach's criteria for marriage"
Q:
The zadruga is a type of extended-family household in
A. Mexico.
B. Malabar Coast of India.
C. Eastern Siberia.
D. Western Bosnia.
E. Japan.
Q:
The Life at Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the
A. family room.
B. kitchen.
C. family room.
D. bedroom.
E. living room.
Q:
Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
Q:
In matrilineal societies
A. daughters become lifetime members of their mother's group, but sons belong to their father's group.
B. sons become lifetime members of their mother's group, but daughters belong to their father's group.
C. descent groups include only the children of the group's women.
D. descent groups include only the children of the group's men.
E. post marriage residence tends to be patrilocal.
Q:
One of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families is that
A. descent groups are typically not involved with politics, while nuclear families are.
B. nuclear families are always exogamous, while descent groups are always endogamous.
C. descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.
D. members of descent groups are called affines, while members of nuclear families are consanguines.
E. nuclear families are found only in industrial societies, while descent groups are found only in foraging societies.
Q:
Incest taboo
A. only exists in societies that practice patrilocal residence.
B. is a feature of a capitalist economy.
C. does not eliminate incest.
D. has a genetic basis.
E. is not documented in classic ethnographies.
Q:
__________ refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an apical ancestor.
A. Clan
B. Lineage
C. Extended family
D. Family of procreation
E. Family of orientation
Q:
__________ is a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.
A. Tarawad
B. Sororate
C. Levirate
D. Totem
E. Pater
Q:
The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are
A. band and clan.
B. lineage and nuclear family.
C. extended family and clan.
D. nuclear family and band.
E. band and extended family.
Q:
The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is
A. the result of a patrilocal residence pattern.
B. an adaptation to poverty.
C. maladaptive, since smaller families would have fewer expenses.
D. the result of bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Scotch-Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
E. the reason welfare in the United States is ineffective.
Q:
The family in which a child is raised is the
A. family of procreation.
B. family of orientation.
C. family of nucleation.
D. levirate family.
E. sororate family.
Q:
__________ is the most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal.
A. The lineage
B. The band
C. The nuclear family
D. The clan
E. The expanded family household
Q:
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
A. not all cultures have one.
B. not all cultures define incest the same way.
C. not all cultures know about incest.
D. some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.
E. some cultures nevertheless encourage incest.
Q:
Substantial gifts given by the bride's family or kin is
A. bride theft
B. elopement
C. dowry
D. bridewealth
E. cross-cousin marriage
Q:
Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage
A. by the wife to her husband.
B. by the husband to his wife.
C. by the wife's kin to her husband.
D. by the wife's kin to her husband's kin.
E. by the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin.
Q:
The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a
A. sororate marriage
B. serial polyandry
C. filial marriage
D. levirate marriage
E. polygynous marriage
Q:
The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is
A. mater.
B. genitor.
C. mother of orientation.
D. pater.
E. mother of procreation.
Q:
__________ is the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community.
A. Neolocality
B. Patrilocality
C. Matrilocality
D. Ambilocality
E. Uxorilocality
Q:
Chiefs occupied formal offices and administered or regulated a series of villages.
Q:
In chiefdoms, individuals were ranked according to seniority, but everyone was believed to have descended from a common set of ancestors.
Q:
In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social stratum.
Q:
Status in chiefdoms and states is based primarily on differential access to resources.
Q:
Of the specialized subsystems characteristic of states, the religious subsystem is the most important.
Q:
About one-third of Thailand's population lives in rural areas.
Q:
States are complex systems of sociopolitical organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.
Q:
A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts.
Q:
Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
Q:
In tribal societies, the village head leads by example and through persuasion; he lacks the ability to force people to do things.
Q:
Most bands and tribal groups in the world today are isolated from other human societies.
Q:
A big man has supporters in many villages, while a village head has supporters only in his own village.
Q:
The Yanomami are one of the few tribes completely isolated from the national government.
Q:
List the three dimensions of social stratification as defined by Weber. Discuss the basis of each dimension, and answer how stratification differs from status systems in non-state societies.
Q:
Describe at least two methods of social control and two methods of resistance. Give examples.
Q:
Shame and gossip are the only methods of social control in band-level societies.
Q:
The nuclear family and the band are the two basic social groups typically found in forager societies.
Q:
Band leaders occupy official offices and are able to force other band members to obey their commands.
Q:
List the major implications of food production. Describe how reliance on food production affects the social, economic, and political organization of societies.
Q:
In non-state societies, relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage are essential to sociopolitical organization. Discuss two ethnographic cases that illustrate this point.
Q:
Contrast two of the following: (a) band leaders, (b) village heads, (c) big men, (d) chiefs. Discuss how these political figures attain - and keep - their leadership positions. Discuss the extent to which they can they enforce their decisions, and relate how permanent their political roles are.
Q:
Identify the factors responsible for the variable development of political regulation and authority structures among pastoralists.
Q:
Describe to what extent modern foragers serve as the basis for reconstructions of social, political, and economic organization among ancient hunter-gatherer bands. Justify your answer.
Q:
The Igbo Women's War is an example of
A. hegemony working to eliminate resistance.
B. social stratification.
C. religious control.
D. shame and ridicule as a method of resistance.
E. women achieving status in a tribal society.
Q:
Ascribed status is a
A. status that a person has little or no choice about occupying
B. status that a person chooses
C. status that a person earns, as when a successful law student becomes a lawyer
D. position of dominance in a society
E. status based on standardized test scores
Q:
__________ represents social status based on talents, actions, efforts, choices, and accomplishments.
A. Ascribed status
B. Achieved status
C. Situational status
D. Negotiated status
E. Ethnicity
Q:
Technology is transforming Thailand, and one result is that people now
A. have less political power.
B. avoid the Internet.
C. do much less farming.
D. produce less food.
E. travel frequently between provinces.
Q:
A big man's position does not depend on
A. hard work.
B. inherited status.
C. generosity.
D. personal charisma.
E. accumulation of wealth.
Q:
According to Weber, the basis of social status is.
A. wealth.
B. age.
C. prestige.
D. intelligence.
E. power.
Q:
Social scientists use the term __________ to refer to the socially approved use of power.
A. authority
B. influence
C. prestige
D. stratification
E. endogamy
Q:
An age set is
A. a village council.
B. a pantribal sodality that represents a certain level of social achievement.
C. all men and women related by patrilineal descent from a human apical ancestor.
D. all men and women related by matrilineal descent from a nonhuman apical ancestor.
E. a group including all men or women born during a certain span of time.
Q:
__________ is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state.
A. Personality
B. Socioeconomic class
C. Speaking ability
D. Anthropomorphism
E. Physical size
Q:
States require specialized functions including
A. a judiciary.
B. fiscal support.
C. population control.
D. enforcement.
E. All the above are correct.
Q:
__________ is not typical of state societies.
A. A primarily foraging-based subsistence strategy
B. Class stratification
C. Boundary maintenance systems
D. Intensive agriculture
E. Fiscal systems
Q:
The internalization of a dominant ideology is
A. a method of chiefly redistribution.
B. the way that pantribal sodalities are formed.
C. a resistance method practiced in small-scale societies.
D. a form of fiscal control.
E. called hegemony.
Q:
Chiefdoms differ from states in that
A. chiefdom status systems are based on differential access to resources.
B. chiefdoms lack socioeconomic stratification and stratum endogamy.
C. chiefdoms lack ascribed statuses.
D. chiefdoms have permanent political regulation.
E. chiefdoms have full-time religious specialists.
Q:
A __________ features differential access to resources based on social stratification.
A. chiefdom
B. band
C. clan
D. tribe
E. state
Q:
In foraging bands, the leaders
A. retain their power by maintaining strong ties with the commoner class.
B. inherited privileged access to strategic resources.
C. maintain control by conquering foreign territories.
D. have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions.
E. are the dominant males in the largest, most powerful descent groups.
Q:
The primary difference between a village head and a "big man" is that
A. a big man can enforce his decisions.
B. a big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C. a village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D. a big man's high status is ascribed, while a village head's high status is achieved.
E. village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
Q:
The best examples of pantribal sodalities existed among societies in
A. Melanesia.
B. Polynesia.
C. The Great Plains of North America.
D. Southern Europe.
E. Papua New Guinea.
Q:
The Basseri and the Qashqai
A. were nomadic foraging groups in Iran.
B. enjoyed a symbiotic relationship existed between the Basseri, who were nomadic pastoralists, and the Qashqai, who were horticulturalists.
C. differ in leadership because a Basseri "big man" (tonowi) could enforce his decisions, whereas the Qashqai village head could only lead by example.
D. differ in authority structure with the Qashqai featuring a more complex and hierarchical structure than the Basseri.
E. were two of the age sets in Melanesian society.
Q:
Big man accumulate wealth because
A. big men are chiefs who are trying to make their achieved status more permanent by engaging in conspicuous symbolic displays of wealth.
B. the term big man refers to the liminal state that a Kapauku youth enters before marriage, during which he accumulates wealth in order to fund the wedding and pay the brideprice.
C. big men typically are war leaders and as such they must maintain a supply of "grievance gifts" to compensate the families of warriors who die under their command.
D. to become a big man, an individual must wear a tonowi shell necklace, which is imported from the coast and is therefore quite expensive by Kapauku standards.
E. big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters.
Q:
The __________ was prominent in Polynesian chiefdoms.
A. narket principle
B. redistribution principle
C. generalized reciprocity
D. balanced reciprocity
E. negative reciprocity
Q:
A "big man" is a
A. person who holds a permanent political office
B. hereditary ruler
C. person of influence and prestige
D. leader who avoids excessive displays of generosity
E. leader who has tremendous power because he is regarded as divine
Q:
In non-state societies,
A. professional armies conduct warfare.
B. political institutions are separate from economic institutions.
C. social control is maintained mostly through physical coercion.
D. economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated.
E. all political power is based on religion.