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Home » Social Science » Page 823

Social Science

Q: Mana is A. a kind of bread prepared during communal rituals in Melanesia and Polynesia. B. absent in societies with differential access to strategic resources. C. the most archaic religious doctrine. D. concerned with supernatural beings rather than with powers or forces. E. acquired in Melanesia, but it is attached to political offices in Polynesia.

Q: __________ refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals. A. Animism B. Magic C. Religion D. A rite of passage E. Pantheism

Q: Rites of passage usually consist of __________ phases. A. uncertainty, anxiety, and solace B. ritual, purification, and absolution C. separation, liminality, and incorporation D. aggregation, celebration, and liturgical orders E. confusion, ecstasy, and nirvana

Q: __________ frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage. A. Reversals of ordinary behavior B. Intensification of social hierarchy C. Formation of an implicit ranking system D. Use of secular language E. No change in social norms

Q: Induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and going through the Native American vision quest are examples of A. revitalization movements. B. generalized reciprocity. C. totemism. D. rites of passage. E. imitative magic.

Q: __________ is the term for the marginal or in-between phase of a rite of passage. A. Voodoo B. Mana C. Taboo D. Liminality E. Animism

Q: Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at A. powerful politicians. B. individuals who are widely respected in a community. C. socially marginal people. D. upstanding citizens. E. prominent religious leaders.

Q: ___________ involves full-time religious specialists. A. Communal religion B. Shamanic religion C. Olympian religion D. Mana E. Taboo

Q: Belief in mana was especially prominent in A. the North Pacific coast of North America. B. Madagascar. C. ancient Greece. D. Melanesia. E. sub-Saharan Africa.

Q: ___________ is the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it. A. Contagious magic B. Imitative magic C. Serial magic D. Sequential magic E. Simultaneous magic

Q: Women head more than half of the households in America that have incomes below the poverty.

Q: Single-parent families headed by women are becoming increasingly common because of male migration, divorce, abandonment, and the idea that child care is women's responsibility.

Q: The World Economic Forum in 2006 found that the gender gap in education worldwide has only closed 20 percent.

Q: The World Economic Forum in 2006 ranked the U.S. as 61st in the world in terms of equal pay for equal work.

Q: During the liminal phase of a rite of passage, participants occupy ambiguous social positions.

Q: The cargo cults of Melanesia predated the arrival of Europeans in the region.

Q: The cargo cults of Melanesia paved the way for the unified political action of indigenous communities.

Q: Totems are animals, plants, or geographical features from which members of a totemic group claim to be descended.

Q: According to Tylor, religion evolves through the sequence of A. olympianism, polytheism, monotheism. B. animism, polytheism, monotheism. C. mana, polytheism, monotheism. D. animism, cargo cults, monotheism. E. polytheism, animism, monotheism.

Q: ___________ was one of the founders of the anthropology of religion. A. Emile Durkheim B. Anthony Wallace C. Victor Turner D. Edward B. Tylor E. Bronislaw Malinowski

Q: The designer Dior changed the image of male model from a thin juvenile to a rugged outdoorsman.

Q: Polytheism refers to A. belief in a single, all-powerful god. B. the second stage of a revitalization movement. C. the third phase of a rite of passage. D. belief in a force that animates all living things. E. belief in multiple gods.

Q: Domestic violence against women is prevalent in patrilineal-patrilocal societies because women are isolated from their supportive kin.

Q: In the United States, attitudes regarding the role of women in the workplace have varied according to economic needs.

Q: Gender stratification refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.

Q: Cross-culturally, women's activities tend to be associated with the home, while men are generally more active in the public domain.

Q: The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.

Q: Intersex can result from such unusual chromosome combination as X0.

Q: Yanomami society is one of the few matriarchies that have been documented by anthropologists.

Q: Cross-cultural studies of foraging societies indicate that women never hunt or fish.

Q: Homosexual practices among the Etoro demonstrate that homosexuality is more pronounced in matrilocal societies.

Q: Male-female avoidance among the Etoro was linked to beliefs about the cycle of birth, physical growth, maturity, old age, and death.

Q: Countries with the greatest female labor force participation also ranked the least happy according to a 2010 Gallup poll.

Q: The fact that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates engage in masturbation and same-sex sexual activity suggests that A. human sexuality is completely determined by biology. B. it is immoral for humans to engage in such activities. C. flexibility in sexual expression is part of humans' primate heritage. D. heterosexual sex is more common among humans than among other primates. E. human sexuality is completely determined by culture.

Q: A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely to emerge when A. population pressure is high. B. a shift to agriculture has recently taken place. C. men's hunting activities are more important than women's gathering. D. polygyny is common. E. warfare is infrequent.

Q: Compare two of the following in terms of gender roles and stratification: (a) foraging societies, (b) matrilineal-matrilocal societies, (c) patrilineal-patrilocal societies, and (e) industrial societies.

Q: Define the domestic-public dichotomy. Identify the kinds of societies where it is more pronounced and less pronounced. Explain how it relates to gender stratification.

Q: Discuss whether or not certain sexual preferences are more natural than others. Use cross-cultural evidence to substantiate the argument.

Q: List differences between sex and gender. Explain why it is important to understand this distinction.

Q: Explain the difference between intersex individuals and self-identified transgender individuals. Give at least two examples of each.

Q: Identify social, political, and economic conditions that influence gender stratification and violence against women.

Q: Explain how industrialism affected gender roles and stratification. Discuss the reasons that poverty is becoming feminized.

Q: Oversimplified ideas about the characteristics of males and females are known as gender roles.

Q: A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is a(an) A. matriarchy. B. patriarchy. C. patrilocality. D. patrilineality. E. anarchy.

Q: __________ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex. A. Patrilineality B. Patrilocality C. Warfare D. Reduced gender stratification E. Male supremacy

Q: The statement, __________, is not true. A. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was believed to sap a man's vitality" B. "according to the Etoro, women who wanted too much heterosexual intercourse were viewed as witches" C. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted only about 100 days a year" D. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence" E. "according to the Etoro, heterosexual intercourse was seen as a necessary sacrifice that would eventually lead to a man's death"

Q: The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from A. decreasing divorce rates. B. male migration. C. unwed adolescent parenthood. D. civil strife. E. the idea that child care is a woman's responsibility.

Q: __________ refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes. A. Sex roles B. Sex stereotypes C. Gender stereotypes D. Gender roles E. Gender duties

Q: Recent cross-cultural studies of gender roles demonstrated that A. the gender roles of men and women are largely determined by their biological capabilities. B. women are subservient to men in nearly all societies because their subsistence activities contribute much less to the total diet than do those of men. C. the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy. D. foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and industrial societies all have similar attitudes regarding gender roles. E. changes in the gender roles of men and women are usually associated with social decay and anarchy.

Q: In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are not characterized by A. scarce resources. B. inheritance of land and prestige through female lines. C. a strongly developed public-domestic dichotomy. D. male control of prestige goods. E. increased inter-village warfare.

Q: The statement, __________, is not true. A. "anthropologists view sexual orientation as learned, malleable, and culturally constructed" B. "culture plays a role in molding individual sexual urges toward a collective norm" C. "individuals differ in every society on the nature, range, and intensity of their sexual interests" D. "sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression" E. "four forms of sexual orientation - heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, and asexuality -are found throughout the world"

Q: __________ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that "a woman's place is in the home." A. European immigration around 1900 B. World War II C. Voting rights for women D. Inflation E. The Women's Rights Movement

Q: Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that A. the status of women is much lower than it is among northern foragers like the Inuit. B. women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification. C. the distinction between public and domestic spheres of activity is much sharper than it is in most horticultural societies. D. there is no sex-based division of labor. E. women never take part in hunting.

Q: In patrilineal parilocal societies, A. men control the prestige hierarchy. B. men work harder at food production and manufacturing than do women. C. men are in short supply due to the practice of male infanticide. D. men and women enjoy approximately equal status. E. men trade subsistence goods but not prestige items.

Q: Public dichotomy A. tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers. B. tends to be more pronounced among foragers than among pastoralists. C. is not significant in urban industrial societies. D. is reinforced in American society by women working both inside and outside the home. E. is not present in the industrial states of the Western world.

Q: Domestic-public dichotomy is defines as strong differentiation between A. spheres of exchange. B. the secular and the sacred. C. elite and commoners. D. the home and the outside world. E. local and international trade.

Q: Cross-cultural studies indicate that A. men contribute much more to subsistence than women do. B. a gender-based division of labor is very uncommon. C. in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers. D. women generally are less restricted than men are with respect to premarital and extramarital sex. E. men never contribute to child care.

Q: The __________ is an example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society. A. United States B. Yanomami C. Betsileo D. Etoro E. Minangkabau

Q: More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line A. are patrifocal. B. are extended. C. are headed by men. D. are headed by women. E. are headed by grandparents.

Q: __________ is not culturally constructed. A. Race B. Gender C. Kinship D. Sex E. Sexual norms

Q: Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals, is A. sex. B. sexual dimorphism. C. gender. D. gender dimorphism. E. sexual bifurcation.

Q: In a(n) __________ society, women's status should be highest. A. pastoral B. agricultural C. horticultural society experiencing considerable population pressure D. tropical foraging E. industrial state with high unemployment

Q: In general, the status of women A. rises as dependence on food production intensifies. B. is higher in societies in which males do most of the work in food production. C. is higher among agriculturalists than it is among foragers. D. is higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies. E. is higher in Yanomami society than it is among the Betsileo of Madagascar.

Q: Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions; for instance, the number of wives a man has may be an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status.

Q: Exogamy is the practice of seeking a mate within one's own group.

Q: In tribal societies, unlike industrial ones, marriage entails only an agreement between the people getting married; descent groups play only a minor role.

Q: Among foragers A. men excel under harsh living conditions and therefore accrue vastly more prestige than women accrue. B. warfare makes men dominant over women. C. the status of women declines when they provide most of the food. D. men and women are equal; there is no gender inequality. E. the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality.

Q: In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies A. women are the primary producers of subsistence crops. B. women govern the public distribution of prestige items. C. women fear contacts, including sexual intercourse, with men. D. polygyny decreases household productivity because a man must provide for more than one wife. E. the public-domestic dichotomy is minor or nonexistent.

Q: The term intersex describes A. gender stratification processes. B. homosexual practices of the Etoro. C. a discrepancy between external and internal genitals. D. a castrated man. E. sexual practices of chimpanzees.

Q: Gender stratification is A. less pronounced among agriculturalists. B. includes societies where women control all the strategic resources. C. generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated. D. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute more to the domestic sphere. E. allows women to become more powerful as the contribute less to the domestic sphere.

Q: In industrialized nations, extended families are more common among the lower class than among the upper class.

Q: Industrialization increases mobility, which has played a major role in the decline of extended families in the United States.

Q: After reaching an all-time low in the 1970s, the frequency of nuclear families in North America has been steadily increasing.

Q: Divorce is more common in matrilineal/matrilocal societies than it is in patrilineal/patrilocal societies.

Q: If a man marries his deceased brother's widow, it is a levirate marriage.

Q: Taboos against incest prevent it from ever occurring in human societies.

Q: In rural Greece, some p brides receive a wealth transfer from their mothers as a kind of trust fund for her marriage

Q: Members of a clan claim (but cannot demonstrate) descent from a common apical ancestor.

Q: Your family of procreation is the one in which you were born.

Q: Although the nuclear family exists in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.

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