Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Social Science
Q:
Imperialism is a relatively recent phenomenon that began with the British Empire.
Q:
Define the world-system perspective, and explain why it is important in anthropology.
Q:
Describe the capitalist world economy. Cite when it originated and list its features.
Q:
Explain the core, semiperiphery, and periphery in the world system perspective. Describe their relationship to world capitalism.
Q:
List how Marx and Weber's views on stratification differ.
Q:
Describe the difference between colonialism and imperialism. Examine the effects that colonialism and imperialism have had on cultural and ethnic diversity.
Q:
In __________, an entrepreneur supplies raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them.
A. Capitalism
B. Industrialism
C. Tribute exchange
D. Reciprocity
E. Domestic system
Q:
To rule its colonies with long histories of state organization, France sometimes
A. used indirect rule.
B. paid elected local officials to implement policy.
C. imposed third-party rule.
D. implemented corrupt rule.
E. installed capitalist rule.
Q:
Many postcolonial countries, especially in Africa, formed when
A. indigenous tribes united to overthrow colonial powers and found their own countries.
B. colonial powers lumped and separated indigenous groups into arbitrary countries.
C. war between eastern and western Africa eventually divided the continent into countries.
D. Colonial powers tried to form countries based on keeping indigenous people of the same culture together in the same country.
E. None of the above is correct.
Q:
BHP Billiton in Papua New Guinea
A. increased the standard of living for the majority of the indigenous population.
B. closed the mine that was not up to environmental standards.
C. denied that they have made any negative environmental impacts.
D. has caused flooding and pollution that has forced many indigenous families to move.
E. began a reforestation project.
Q:
According to Weber, the three dimensions of social stratification are
A. means of production, mode of production, measure of production.
B. status, exchange, religion.
C. gender, ethnicity, race.
D. wealth, power, prestige.
E. age, gender, ethnicity.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "the world system is based on economies oriented toward world market for profit"
B. "the world system depends on each nation producing all that is needed by its own population"
C. "the world system was established primarily through European colonialism"
D. "the standard of living tends to be higher for populations living in core nations"
E. "nations may change their positions in the world system"
Q:
The Industrial Revolution began in
A. England.
B. China.
C. the United States.
D. Germany.
E. France.
Q:
20th-century industrialization did not
A. bring new industries and new jobs.
B. exert beneficial effects on the economies, ecologies, and populations of "developing" nations in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
C. lead to depletion of fossil fuels.
D. increase production spurred strategies to sell everything industry could churn out.
E. give rise to mass production gave rise to a culture of overconsumption.
Q:
Mass production gave rise to a culture of
A. competitiveness.
B. consumption.
C. creativity.
D. instant communication.
E. expansion.
Q:
__________ refers to a former colony with large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations.
A. Settler country
B. Nonsettler country
C. Mixed country
D. Postimperial country
E. Emergent country
Q:
The former Soviet Union, as well as the socialist and previously socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, is sometimes referred to as
A. the Postcolonial World.
B. the Neocolonial World.
C. the First World.
D. the Second World.
E. the Third World.
Q:
Modern colonialism began
A. following World War II.
B. with the fall of Rome.
C. during the European "Age of Discovery."
D. because of the Bolshevik Revolution.
E. at the end of the Seven Years' War.
Q:
The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time is
A. neoliberalism.
B. an intervention philosophy.
C. a green revolution.
D. colonialism.
E. socialism.
Q:
Neoliberalism does not include
A. the view that government should not regulate private enterprise and market forces.
B. striving to cut government expenses.
C. the belief that property should be communally owned and that people should work for the common good.
D. maximization of profits through cost reduction.
E. tariff- and barrier-free international trade and investment.
Q:
__________ is the dominant intervention philosophy today.
A. Neoclassicism
B. Neoimperialism
C. Neosocialism
D. Neocommunism
E. Neoliberalism
Q:
The spread mining in Papua New Guinea contributed to the destruction of
A. neighboring nation-states.
B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite.
C. indigenous economies, ecologies, and populations.
D. the coral reefs.
E. None of the above is correct.
Q:
According to Marx, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are
A. the product of gender differentiation in Europe's tribal past.
B. the owners of the means of production in core and periphery nations, respectively.
C. distinct and opposed classes in the capitalist economy.
D. exogamous social groups.
E. moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "Marx analyzed 19th-century industrial capitalism"
B. "Marx viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests"
C. "Marx called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie"
D. "Marx called the people who sold their labor the proletariat"
E. "Marx emphasized class consciousness"
Q:
There is considerable cross-cultural variation in the interpretation and treatment of illnesses.
Q:
Non-Western medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses.
Q:
__________ fueled the European "Age of Discovery."
A. A desire to save the souls of local peoples
B. Pilgrims fleeing persecution in their European homelands
C. The feudal kingdoms of East Asia reaching out to establish trade links with Europe
D. A seven-year-long drought in Europe
E. European commercial interest in exotic raw materials
Q:
__________ resulted from the growing demand for sugar in Europe.
A. The independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America, which grew sugarcane, became more powerful.
B. Sugar-producing nations moved from the periphery to the core of the world system.
C. Capitalism expanded to the rest of the world.
D. The transatlantic slave trade developed.
E. English peasants who grew sugarcane became members of the bourgeoisie.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "British colonialism lacked an intervention philosophy"
B. "British colonialism consisted of two main phases"
C. "British colonialism was legitimized by the racist notion of the white man's burden'"
D. "British colonialism began to disintegrate following World War II"
E. "British colonialism was driven by economic interests"
Q:
__________ refers to the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized.
A. Mission civilisatrice
B. Neoliberalism
C. Postcolonial
D. Postimperial
E. Posthegemonic
Q:
__________ refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit.
A. Stock
B. Proletariat
C. Caste
D. Bourgeoisie
E. Capital
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "Wallerstein wrote about the world system theory"
B. "world system theory stresses the existence of a global culture"
C. "world system theory claims that a set of economic and political interconnections has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century"
D. "world system theory focuses on links and power differentials between local peoples and international forces"
E. "world system theory deals exclusively with non-Western, horticultural societies"
Q:
The three positions that nations occupy in the world system are.
A. core, periphery, and semiperiphery
B. metropole, satellite, and semi satellite
C. state, nation-state, and nation
D. wealth, power, and prestige
E. bourgeoisie, middle class, and proletariat
Q:
Core nations generally do not
A. represent the dominant structural position in the world system.
B. consist of the strongest and most powerful states.
C. have advanced systems of production.
D. have complex economies.
E. have less control over world finance than do semiperiphery nations.
Q:
Peripheral nations
A. export to the core but not the semiperiphery.
B. lack industrialization.
C. are isolated from the world economy.
D. have economies that are shaped to serve the interests of the core.
E. have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "semiperiphery nations are industrialized"
B. "semiperiphery nations export industrial goods and commodities"
C. "semiperiphery nations lack the power and economic dominance of core nations"
D. "Brazil is an example of a semiperiphery nation"
E. "semiperiphery nations economic activities are less mechanized than those in the periphery"
Q:
According to Marx, classes are
A. desirable, because they perform tasks necessary to the survival of society.
B. part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans.
C. opposed to one another based on conflicting economic interests.
D. based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences.
E. not important to an understanding of history.
Q:
According to Marx, class consciousness results from
A. the persistence of ethic identities after ethnic "markers" have more or less disappeared.
B. an elaboration of diverse religious beliefs in industrialized societies.
C. peoples' recognition of cognatic kin beyond the boundaries of biological relatedness.
D. peoples' identification with groups based on common economic interests.
E. the gradual elaboration of gender-based differences first established during the period of peasant subsistence farming.
Q:
Development anthropology refers to the branch of anthropology that uses data collected in local settings to formulate theories about the development of culture through time.
Q:
Development projects that use traditional social organizations and that respond to locally perceived needs are more likely to be successful.
Q:
The example of postcolonial development in Madagascar demonstrates that descent group organization can be a major obstacle to economic development.
Q:
During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German culture.
Q:
Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship as theory aids practice and application fuels theory.
Q:
Cultural resource management (CRM) refers to the efforts of peripheral nations to develop tourism focused on their cultural heritage, past and present.
Q:
In his comparison of rural and urban communities, Redfield found that cultural innovations spread from urban areas to rural ones.
Q:
An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
Q:
Businesses are no longer interested in hiring applied anthropologists now that people buy and sell a majority of goods over the Internet.
Q:
Biomedicine, which aims to link illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of a naturalistic medical system.
Q:
Health care systems refer to the nationalized health care services that only exist in core industrial nations.
Q:
There is considerable debate today over whether governments should or should not require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, how this could best be accomplished. Pretend that a school board in a bilingual community has asked to provide some guidance on this issue. Explain to the school board about the relationships between students' social, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds and their potential for success in school.
Q:
Anthropologists researching the effects of development at the local level are able to identify inadequacies that may not be evident to economists working at national and global levels.
Q:
Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries" are alike
A. have only limited chances of succeeding.
B. are the most successful kind of development scheme.
C. have never taken place.
D. are known as utopian intervention.
E. are known as research and development.
Q:
The original marketing strategy of McDonald's in Brazil
A. promoted a beer with lunch.
B. completely changed the menu to include Brazilian favorites.
C. tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits.
D. took into consideration the Brazilian habit of eating hot foods, like hamburgers, on the beach.
E. focused on the Sunday evening dinner market.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "one of the most valuable tools in applying anthropology is the ethnographic method"
B. "many applied anthropologists have worked with development agencies such as the World Bank and USAID"
C. "the application of anthropology to social problems has been a central concern in the discipline since its origin"
D. "applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems"
E. "applied anthropologists work with development projects, in education, medicine, and business, as well as many other fields"
Q:
Describe what it means to say that an economic development project is culturally compatible. List the advantages of ensuring that projects are culturally compatible.
Q:
Analyze the fallacy of underdifferentiation, and provide some possible alternatives to it.
Q:
Define overinnovation, and explain why it can undermine development projects.
Q:
Discuss the reasons why many anthropologists have turned from academic to applied work.
Q:
Discuss the major advantages and disadvantages of scientific medicine and other health care systems. Remember to distinguish between scientific medicine and Western medicine.
Q:
The statement, __________, is not true.
A. "Malinowski proposed that "practical anthropology" should focus on the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies"
B. "Malinowski was not opposed to aiding colonial regimes by studying land tenure and land use in order to recommend how much land local people should keep and what Europeans should get"
C. "the British Empire saw no use for anthropologists, and British colonials purposefully distanced themselves from anthropologists in the field"
D. "a historical association existed between early anthropology, especially in Europe, and colonialism"
E. "during World War II, American anthropologists studied Japanese and German culture to predict the behavior of the wartime enemies of the United States"
Q:
Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognizes that
A. diseases affect many different systems of the human body.
B. changes do not occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects.
C. the world-system theory of Wallerstein provides the best basis for applied work.
D. it is necessary for applied work to focus entirely on educational systems.
E. the most effective viewpoint for applied work is always that of a state administrator.
Q:
A common problem for international development projects is that they
A. lack an intervention philosophy.
B. often assume the best way to increase production and income is through industrialization.
C. tend to use local cultural models and processes rather than the more advanced Western models.
D. frequently make unnecessary attempts to extend indigenous lifestyles that are already obsolete.
E. overemphasize the needs of local communities.
Q:
In a comparative study of 68 rural development projects, it was found that
A. overinnovation was the most productive development model.
B. culturally compatible projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones.
C. the socialist bloc model was the most successful.
D. the capitalist bloc model was the most financially successful.
E. the underdifferentiated model led to the most equity.
Q:
A common goal of development projects is to
A. increase socioeconomic stratification.
B. promote ethnocide.
C. facilitate cultural assimilation.
D. decrease local autonomy.
E. increase equity.
Q:
The Malagasy development program illustrates the importance of
A. the local government's commitment to improving the lives of its citizens.
B. replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop.
C. replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation.
D. breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development.
E. the top-down strategies developed by the United Nations.
Q:
__________ refers to the tendency to view less-developed countries as more alike than they are.
A. Cultural relativism
B. Ethnobias
C. Overinnovation
D. Underdifferentiation
E. Intervention philosophy
Q:
All development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following except
A. to promote change, but not overinnovation.
B. to preserve local systems, while working to make them better.
C. to respect local traditions.
D. to base models of development on indigenous practices and social forms.
E. to develop strategies with little input from local communities.
Q:
The postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s
A. fueled the general expansion of the American educational system, including academic anthropology.
B. promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s.
C. brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
D. produced a new interest in ethnic diversity.
E. brought an end to the world system.
Q:
__________ should not be one of the goals of an applied anthropological approach to urban programs.
A. Working with the community to ensure that the change is implemented correctly
B. Identifying key social groups in the urban context
C. Translating the needs and desires of the community to funding agencies
D. Creating a single universal policy to be applied to all urban communities
E. Eliciting wishes from the target community
Q:
Cultural resource management is an example of applied
A. ethnology that seeks to preserve indigenous cultures.
B. biological anthropology.
C. anthropology that could pose an ethical dilemma to the anthropologist.
D. linguistic anthropology that seeks to preserve linguistic diversity.
E. ethnography.
Q:
A reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful is that
A. Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry, or had strong ties to it, and therefore were prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole.
B. the elites and the lower class were of different origins and therefore had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage.
C. there is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descent-group social organization.
D. it took into account that native forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation.
E. the educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project.
Q:
Robert Redfield explained the relations between urban and rural communities by arguing that
A. peasants were culturally isolated from cities.
B. cities were centers from which cultural innovations were spread to rural and tribal areas.
C. kin-based ethnic associations only exist in rural areas.
D. there are so many connections between rural and urban areas that it is not useful to distinguish between them.
E. urban centers have more in common with each other, even across national boundaries, than they do with rural areas in the same country.
Q:
__________ refers to the beliefs, customs, specialists, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and curing illness.
A. Disease theory
B. Medical anthropology
C. Health care system
D. Shaman
E. Psychosemantics
Q:
A disease is defined as a(n)
A. health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual.
B. artificial product of biomedicine.
C. consequence of foraging.
D. unnatural state of health.
E. scientifically identified health threat.
Q:
Illness is defined as a(n)
A. nonexistent ailment (only "diseases" are real).
B. artificial product of biomedicine.
C. scientifically identified health threat.
D. purely linguistic problem.
E. socially defined.
Q:
The __________ disease theory would attribute a person's illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions.
A. personalistic
B. naturalistic
C. biomedical
D. emotionalistic
E. tribal
Q:
Anthropology may help the progress of education by enabling educators to avoid all of the following except
A. indiscriminate assignment of nonnative speakers of English to the same classrooms as children with "behavior problems."
B. tolerance of ethnic diversity.
C. incorrect application of labels (e.g., "learning impaired").
D. sociolinguistic discrimination.
E. ethnic stereotyping.
Q:
__________ is not a proper role for an applied anthropologist.
A. Working with local people in addition to "experts" and officials
B. Identifying locally perceived needs for change
C. Helping to design and implement culturally appropriate development programs
D. Helping to impose development programs designed solely by international authorities
E. Protecting local people from projects and policies not in their best interest
Q:
__________ disease theory underlies traditional understandings of susto.
A. Personalistic
B. Naturalistic
C. Biomedical
D. Emotionalistic
E. Tribal
Q:
Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D.