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Q:
Divorce tends to be more common
A. when the dowry is very small.
B. when marriages are political alliances between groups.
C. in matrilineal than in patrilineal societies.
D. in societies in which marriage residence is patrilocal.
E. in all societies when romance fails
Q:
What is the name of the custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife?
A. sororate marriage
B. serial polyandry
C. filial marriage
D. levirate marriage
E. fraternal marriage
Q:
Polygamy, although formally outlawed, has survived in Turkey since the Ottoman period, when having several wives was viewed as a symbol of power, wealth, and sexual prowess. Unlike the past, when the practice was customary and not illegal, polygamy can put contemporary women at risk. How?
A. Women in polygamous unions have less of a chance to marry several men themselves.
B. Because their marriages have no official status, secondary wives who are abused or mistreated have no legal recourse.
C. The increase in the number of wives a man takes on increases inter-wife feuds.
D. As cross-cultural studies have shown, violence against women is correlated with the presence of polyandry in society.
E. Unlike in the past, polygamous unions are no longer unions based on romantic love.
Q:
Which of the following best defines polygyny?
A. the type of marriage in which there is more than one husband
B. the custom whereby a wife marries the brother of her dead husband
C. the type of marriage involving only two spouses
D. the custom whereby a widower marries the sister of his dead wife
E. the type of marriage in which there is more than one wife
Q:
All of the following are a form of polygamy EXCEPT
A. a man who marries, then divorces, then marries again, then divorces again, then marries again, each time to a different woman.
B. a man who has four wives simultaneously.
C. a woman who has three husbands, all of whom are brothers.
D. a man who has three wives, all of whom are sisters.
E. a man who has two unrelated wives.
Q:
Which of the following statements about polygynous marriages is true?
A. They are characteristic of high social instability, as with serial monogamy in southern California and Washington, D.C.
B. They frequently involve a hierarchical arrangement among the wives.
C. They are associated with male infanticide.
D. They are characterized by there being more than one husband in a single household.
E. They tend to occur in societies that have more men than women.
Q:
Which of the following statements about polyandry is most likely true?
A. It is found only among fishing communities in Madagascar.
B. It is a cultural adaptation to the high labor demands of rice cultivation.
C. It is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, and warfare.
D. Polyandry is almost always sororate.
E. It is legal in the United States.
Q:
Polyandry is common and practiced under a wide range of conditions.
Q:
How do the rules of endogamy function in society?
A. They prove that the incest taboo is not the cultural universal it was once thought to be.
B. They encourage the extension of affinal bonds to an ever-widening circle of people.
C. They tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.
D. They expand the gene pool.
E. They extend kin ties across classes.
Q:
To understand royal endogamy, it is useful to distinguish between the manifest and latent functions of customs and behavior. The manifest function of a custom refers to the reasons people in a society give it. Its latent function is
A. the genetically motivated reason for the custom.
B. a subconscious effect that the custom has on society members identification with that belief.
C. the socially constructed perspective of why the custom exists.
D. an effect the custom has on the society that its members dont mention or recognize.
E. the emic effect the custom has on the society, recognized only by anthropologists.
Q:
Which of the following is egos cross-cousin?
A. MBS (mothers brothers son)
B. FBS (fathers brothers son)
C. MZD (mothers sisters daughter)
D. FBD (fathers brothers daughter)
E. MZS (mothers sisters son)
Q:
In a society with two exogamous lineages or moieties, who is the preferred cross-cousin bride for a male ego?
A. MBD
B. MZD
C. FBD
D. FZS
E. FZB
Q:
Among the Yanomami of Venezuela and Brazil, as in many societies with unilineal descent, which of the following is true?
A. Marriage between parallel cousins is preferred, whereas marriage between cross-cousins is considered incest.
B. Marriage between cross-cousins is preferred; marriage between parallel cousins is considered incest.
C. Marriage between first cousins is preferred, but marriage between second cousins is considered incest.
D. Marriage between sororal cousins is preferred, although marriage between levirate cousins is considered incest.
E. Marriage between Crow cousins is preferred; marriage between Omaha cousins is considered incest.
Q:
What term refers to one of two descent groups in a given population?
A. levirate
B. sororate
C. moiety
D. patriline
E. matriline
Q:
With unilineal descent, sex with cross-cousins is proper, but sex with parallel cousins is considered incestuous. Why?
A. Cross-cousins are actually parallel cousins.
B. Societies with unilineal descent share a gene that impedes them from developing sexual urges for parallel cousins.
C. This behavior is a human universal explained by Freuds theory of attempt and contempt.
D. Cross-cousins are considered closer relatives than all other kin.
E. Parallel cousins are considered closer relatives than cross-cousins.
Q:
A recent cross-cultural study of 87 societies, all of which had incest taboos, investigated the rate at which such taboos were broken. The results of this study add to the evidence that
A. cultural universals, like the human ability to make fire, always have a genetic basis.
B. Freud was right: children everywhere have sexual feelings toward their parents.
C. although tabooed, incest does happen.
D. many societies need better educational systems.
E. many societies need better techniques of social control.
Q:
The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but
A. not all cultures have one.
B. not all cultures define incest the same way.
C. not all cultures know about the consequences of incest.
D. some cultures have replaced it with the levirate.
E. some cultures practice gerontology anyway.
Q:
There is no simple or universally accepted explanation for the fact that all cultures ban incest. However, the most accepted explanation for the incest taboo is
A. genetically programmed instinctive horror.
B. a widespread and well-founded fear of biological degeneration.
C. following rules of exogamy is adaptively advantageous.
D. isolated social groups are better at survival.
E. a genetically determined attraction for those most different from us.
Q:
What term refers to the culturally sanctioned practice of marrying someone within a group to which one belongs?
A. incest
B. exogamy
C. hypogamy
D. endogamy
E. endosperm
Q:
Which of the following marital customs functions to maintain distinctions between groups?
A. progeny price
B. levirate
C. sororate
D. sororal polygyny
E. endogamy
Q:
In the United States, the rise in female employment, especially in professional careers, when coupled with ________, has dramatically increased household incomes in the upper classes. This pattern has been one factor sharpening the contrast in household income between the richest and poorest populations of Americans.
A. homogamy
B. serial monogamy
C. endogamy
D. sororal polygyny
E. exogamy
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a rule of endogamy?
A. a taboo on marrying members of the same totemic group
B. the Nazi law forbidding Aryans from marrying anyone but other Aryans
C. a taboo against marrying within the same village
D. a taboo on mating with members of ones extended family
E. the incest taboo
Q:
Why does exogamy, the practice of seeking a husband or wife outside ones own kin group, have adaptive value outside of biological concerns?
A. It increases the likelihood that disadvantageous alleles will find phenotypic expression and thus be eliminated from the population.
B. Exogamy creates new social ties and alliances, providing access to more resources and social networks.
C. It impedes peaceful relations among social groups and therefore promotes population expansion.
D. It was an important causal factor in the origin of social stratification.
E. Exogamy is not adaptive; it is just a culture construction.
Q:
Although the incest taboo is a cultural universal, cultures define incest differently. For example, in many cultures it is incestuous to marry parallel cousins but not cross-cousins. What is the difference?
A. The children of two brothers or two sisters are parallel cousins. The children of a brother and a sister are cross-cousins.
B. Parallel cousins are socially recognized relatives, but cross-cousins are true biological cousins.
C. The children of a brother and a sister are parallel cousins. The children of two brothers or two sisters are cross-cousins.
D. Parallel cousins are true biological cousins, whereas cross-cousins are simply socially recognized relatives.
E. There is no symbolic difference between the two, only a biological difference.
Q:
Cite evidence confirming or denying the universality of the nuclear family. Give examples from different cultures. What other social units might assume the functions associated with nuclear families?
Q:
Discuss ways in which kinship and descent help human populations adapt to their environments.
Q:
Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship. Do you agree with this statement? If so, why? If not, why not?
Q:
In some systems of kinship terminology, lineal and collateral relatives are grouped together under the same kinship terms, and in others they are not. In terms of the sociocultural setting in which these terminologies exist, discuss reasons for the differences.
Q:
In what kinds of situations would you expect to find ambilineal descent? Unilineal descent? Why?
Q:
There are rights, duties, and obligations associated with kinship and descent. Many societies have both families and descent groups. Give an illustration of how obligations to one may conflict with obligations to the other. How does your example relate to your experience managing rights, duties, and obligations in your own family?
Q:
What is the difference between kin terms and genealogical kin types? Why would an anthropologist want to make such a distinction? Can you see any problems with this distinction? In your everyday experience, do you distinguish between kin terms and genealogical kin types?
Q:
In South Sudan, a Nuer woman can marry a woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. This is done to maintain the patrilineage. The wife has sex with one or more men until she gets pregnant. The children born are then accepted as the offspring of both the female husband and the wife. What is important in this example is
A. the fact that only same-sex marriages are recognized in patrilineal societies.
B. social rather than biological paternity, again illustrating how kinship is socially constructed.
C. how biology overrides culture regardless of human intentions.
D. how often marriage is simply about property.
E. that it illustrates how romantic love is both universal and complicated.
Q:
What is the term that anthropologists use to refer to the biological father of a child?
A. pater
B. creator
C. moiety
D. genitor
E. provider
Q:
What is the term that anthropologists use to identify egos socially recognized father?
A. pater
B. genitor
C. creator
D. father
E. mater
Q:
All cultures have taboos against ________, sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative, although precisely what constitutes a close relative varies across cultures.
A. levirate
B. sororate
C. fraternal
D. incest
E. exogamy
Q:
The most common postmarital residence rule is matrilocality, in which the married couple moves in with the husbands family.
Q:
With unilineal descent, ones lineage affiliation is ascribed at birth, but with ambilineal descent, lineage affiliation is more fluid, because each member chooses his or her own descent group.
Q:
A functional explanation attempts to correlate particular customs (in this case kinship terms) to other features of society.
Q:
A bifurcate merging kinship terminology distinguishes between collateral and lineal relatives.
Q:
In the United States, the ratio of marriages to divorces doubled between 1960 and 1980, and the divorce rate reached 55% in 2010.
Q:
With patrilineal descent, someone takes his or her fathers last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
Q:
In unilineal descent, ones ancestry is traced through only one line of descent.
Q:
Members of a clan are descended from a common apical ancestor.
Q:
Neolocal postmarital residence rules require newly married couples to establish their own residence.
Q:
U.S. kinship calculation is bilateral, traced equally through males and females; for example, father and mother.
Q:
Outside North America, Western Europe, and the European-derived cultures of Latin America, neolocal residence isnt all that common.
Q:
A nuclear family includes ego, egos parents, and egos grandparents.
Q:
Like race, kinship is a cultural construction, in that it exhibits considerable cultural diversity.
Q:
Your family of procreation is the one into which you were born.
Q:
Although nuclear families are found in many societies around the world, this phenomenon is not a cultural universal.
Q:
The higher proportion of expanded family households among poorer Americans has been explained as an adaptation to poverty.
Q:
After reaching an all-time low for the 20th century in the 1970s, the nuclear family is now making a rebound, accounting for a greater number of U.S. households each year.
Q:
Recent census data reveal that more U.S. women are now living without a husband than with one.
Q:
Industrialization increases mobility, which plays a major role in the disappearance of extended families in the United States.
Q:
Comparing notions of family between the United States and Brazil, the extended family still plays a central role for most Brazilians.
Q:
A descent group consists only of a married couple and their children.
Q:
Like bifurcate merging kinship terminology, generational kinship terminology
A. is common in North America.
B. makes sense only from the perspective of ego.
C. illustrates the complicated ways in which adults confuse their children about the realities of biology.
D. uses the same term for parents and their siblings, but lumping is more complete (there are only two terms for the parental generation).
E. uses the same term for parents and grandparents, so there is less lumping than in the bifurcate merging kinship system.
Q:
According to genealogical kin types used by anthropologists to study kinship relations, what kind of relative is egos mothers brother?
A. lineal relative
B. affinal relative
C. collateral relative
D. nuclear family member
E. member of the P2 generation
Q:
The Bar of Venezuela recognize multiple fathers, even though biologically there can be only one actual genitor. This example shows
A. that women have a better understanding of biological processes than do men.
B. that like race and gender, kinship is culturally constructed.
C. cultures explanations for biological processes vary because the access and quality of educational systems vary as well.
D. how, as in the United States, having more than one father is detrimental to a childs development and adjustment in society.
E. that multiple (partible) paternity is a common and beneficial biological fact.
Q:
What does ego stand for in a depiction of a kinship system?
A. the sense of distinct individuality that is present in any society
B. the emotional attachment felt by the people who use the system
C. the point of reference used to determine which kin terms go where
D. the boundary between ones kin group and outsiders
E. a gender-free way of reckoning kinship
Q:
Anthropologists distinguish between kin terms and genealogical kin types. What is the difference?
A. Kin terms refers to the actual genealogical relationship; genealogical kin types are the words used for different relatives in a particular culture.
B. The difference is only a methodological onein practice, they are the same thing.
C. Kin terms are the words used for different relatives in a particular language, but genealogical kin types refers to the actual genealogical relationship.
D. Kin terms are the words used for socially constructed relationships, whereas genealogical kin types refers to relatives.
E. Kin terms are the terms used for different relatives from the egos perspective, whereas genealogical kin types refers to objective relatives from no perspective in particular.
Q:
What kind of kinship is most common in the contemporary United States?
A. matrilateral kinship
B. bilateral kinship
C. patrilateral kinship
D. collateral kinship
E. generational kinship
Q:
In what kind of kinship calculation are kin ties traced equally through males and females?
A. bilineal
B. bifurcate merging
C. bifurcate collateral
D. bilateral
E. biluminous
Q:
Kinship terminology is a classification system, a taxonomy or typology. More generally, a taxonomic system
A. is based on how people perceive similarities and differences in the things being classified.
B. is accurate only when based on Western science.
C. is based on categories given by nature.
D. usually changes with every generation.
E. applies best to nonliving things.
Q:
What makes up egos nuclear family of orientation?
A. parents and siblings
B. spouse and offspring
C. extended family
D. lineal kin
E. collateral kin
Q:
A lineal kinship terminology
A. is generally found in societies with patrilineal descent rules.
B. uses two terms to identify egos parents siblings: one term for both FZ and MZ and another term for both FB and MB.
C. is often found in association with the distinction between parallel and cross-cousins.
D. stresses relationships with collaterals.
E. uses the same term to refer to M and MZ.
Q:
Which of the following kin types is NOT egos lineal relative?
A. M
B. B
C. MM
D. F
E. S
Q:
In a lineal system of kinship terminology, which of the following pairs would be called by the same term?
A. M and FZ
B. M and MZ
C. FB and MB
D. FB and FZ
E. F and FB
Q:
Which of the following does NOT belong to egos matrilineage?
A. FM
B. B
C. ZS
D. MB
E. M
Q:
In a bifurcate merging kinship terminology, what is merged?
A. lineal relatives and collateral relatives
B. members of the family of orientation and those of the family of procreation
C. affinal relatives and collateral relatives
D. affinal relatives and lineal relatives
E. lineal relatives and offspring
Q:
In a bifurcate merging kinship system, which of the following would be called by the same term?
A. F and MB
B. M and MZ
C. MB and FB
D. FZ and MZ
E. JR and BJ
Q:
Which of the following statements about bifurcate merging kinship terminologies is NOT true?
A. They generally are found in societies with unilineal descent.
B. They use the same term to describe F and FB and the same term for M and MZ.
C. They generally are found in societies with unilocal residence patterns.
D. They often are found in association with the kinship distinction between parallel and cross-cousins.
E. They use the same term to describe MB and FB.
Q:
What does it mean that kinship, like race, is culturally constructed?
A. The educational system is failing to educate people about real, biologically based human relatedness.
B. Like race, kinship is a social fiction, with no real social consequence.
C. It is a phenomenon separated from other real aspects of society, such as economics and politics.
D. Studies of kinship tell us little about peoples actual experiences, only about what they think those experiences are like.
E. Some genealogical kin are considered to be relatives whereas others are not, and the rules underlying such considerations vary across cultures.
Q:
Traditionally, in some areas of the former Yugoslavia, several nuclear families were embedded in an extended family household called a zadruga. Among the Nayars in southern India, it was typical for people to live in matrilineal extended family compounds called tarawads. Descriptions of these two culturally specific cases highlight that
A. children who grow up in stable kin groups are better off than those who dont.
B. the nuclear family is the only stable kin group arrangement.
C. nuclear families are extremely rare in terms of living arrangements.
D. extended family households are an adaptive strategy to extreme poverty.
E. there are many alternatives to the nuclear family.
Q:
What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple is expected to establish its own home?
A. neolocality
B. patrilocality
C. matrilocality
D. ambilocality
E. uxorilocality
Q:
What is the most common system of kinship classification used in the United States?
A. bifurcate merging
B. lineal
C. bifurcate collateral
D. generational
E. patrilineal
Q:
In North America, the relatively high incidence of expanded family households in the lower class is
A. the reason why the families of lower-class urbanites are dysfunctional.
B. an important strategy the urban poor use to adapt to poverty.
C. maladaptive, since poor families should be smaller in order to cut down on expenses.
D. caused by bifurcate merging, a practice brought to the United States by Irish immigrants during the early part of the 20th century.
E. the result of enduring cultural ties to Europe.
Q:
In Arembepe, Brazil, a degree of community solidarity was promoted, for example, by the myth that everyone was kin. However, social solidarity was actually much less developed in Arembepe than in societies with clans and lineages. Why?
A. Intense social solidarity requires not a myth but a biologically grounded genealogy that shows peoples actual relatedness.
B. Arembepeiros who became successful were bound by social obligation to share their wealth. This powerful leveling mechanism worked against social solidarity.
C. In societies with clans and lineages, social solidarity is much more developed, because they have more elaborate kinship rituals than Arembepeiros do.
D. Intense social solidarity is possible only in societies having homogeneous ancestry. In Arembepe, high ethnic diversity weakens kinship ties.
E. Intense social solidarity demands that some people be excluded. By asserting they were all relatedthat is, by excluding no oneArembepeiros were actually weakening kinships potential strength in creating and maintaining group solidarity.
Q:
Although the nuclear family remains a cultural ideal for many Americans, nuclear families accounted for just 22.5 percent of American households in 2007. In fact, other domestic arrangements outnumber the traditional U.S. household more than four to one. All of the following are among the reasons for these trends EXCEPT that
A. women are increasingly joining men in the workforce.
B. job demands compete with romantic attachments.
C. divorce rates have risen.
D. it is increasingly economically feasible for women to delay marriage and yet live away from their family of orientation.
E. contrary to expectations, the importance of kinship is growing in contemporary nations.
Q:
Contemporary North American adults usually define their families as consisting of their husbands or wives and their children. In contrast, when middle-class Brazilians talk about their families, they mean their parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and on, down to their children. They rarely mention the spouse. Which of the following is among the reasons for this stark cultural contrast?
A. Brazilians readily incorporate strangers into their social worlds.
B. North Americans value independence over their family.
C. North Americans have more choices about where they can live, and they have chosen to live away from their relatives.
D. Brazilians live in a less mobile society and so stay in closer contact with their relatives, including members of their extended family, than do North Americans.
E. Brazilians have purely economic relationships with their spouses.