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Q:
Consider the impact that the media have on your daily life. From what sources do you have access to popular culture? Which are your favorites, and why?
Q:
How do the media affect Americans and Brazilians differently? How do the media play a role in the discrepancy between the amount of Olympic medals won by the United States and Brazil?
Q:
How does the modern world system affect ethnographers?
A. There are almost no truly isolated cultures left, making it difficult to do real ethnographic research.
B. They need to be aware of the fact that any culture they study is influenced by and has influence on other cultures.
C. They must be careful when comparing their findings to those who did work in the first half of the 20th century, when there were many isolated cultures.
D. There are no more indigenous peoples.
E. It has brought about a blending of the races, which makes it harder to identify specific cultures.
Q:
What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?
A. the modern world system
B. industrialization
C. an open class system
D. socioeconomic stratification
E. capital
Q:
According to Wallerstein (1982, 2004), what are the three structural positions of the modern world system?
A. core, periphery, and semiperiphery
B. metropole, satellite, and semisatellite
C. state, nation-state, and nation
D. wealth, power, and prestige
E. preliterate, nonliterate, and literate
Q:
U.S. popular culture has moved from a preoccupation with class differences to a tendency to deny or ignore their existence. The narratives we see on screen and in print today often present homogenized upper-middle-class lifestyles in which social diversity is minimized and the economic underpinnings of class are ignored.
Q:
The study of televisions impact on peoples behavior, attitudes, and values is the domain of sociologists, not anthropologists.
Q:
In Western societies, the standards for artistic completeness and mastery are maintained in large part by critics, specialists, and experts.
Q:
Music is one of the most social kinds of artistic expression.
Q:
The oldest known musical instrument, the Divje babe flute, dates back to more than 43,000 years ago.
Q:
Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups, thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.
Q:
Catharsis is an intense emotional release.
Q:
In general, folk art is much less symbolic than the artistic expression of full-time artists.
Q:
Because appreciation of the arts is acquired through enculturation, what one finds aesthetically pleasing depends in part on ones cultural background.
Q:
In Western societies, artistic and craft specialization is based on kin groups.
Q:
The reason students of non-Western art have generally ignored individual artists in the societies they have studied is that there arent any. In non-Western communities, there is no concept of individual artists.
Q:
The increasing role of the media in our lives is responsible for the deterioration of our artistic sensibilities.
Q:
Readers of a text make their own interpretations and derive their own feelings from it. Readers of media messages constantly produce their own meanings.
Q:
The media offer a rich web of external connectionsthrough cable, satellite, the Internet, television, movies, radio, telephones, print, and other sourcesthat can provide contact, information, entertainment, and potential social validation.
Q:
In non-Western societies, artists tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.
Q:
In states, all artwork can be clearly attributed to a specific artist.
Q:
Expressive culture refers to the components of a culture that are expressed publicly, as opposed to the private aspects of culture that are hidden from anthropologists.
Q:
Art and religion are similar, because both refer to aspects of culture that are of more than ordinary significance.
Q:
Appreciating art involves an aesthetic appreciation of form as well as feeling.
Q:
Traditionally, art and religion occupy mutually exclusive realms in society.
Q:
Nonstate societies generally lack permanent, specialized venues for art and religion.
Q:
In the United States, there is a sharp distinction between what is considered art and what is not.
Q:
In modern states, there tends to be much more uniformity in the cultures artistic standards compared to in less stratified societies.
Q:
Among the Kalabari, wood sculptures represent the highest form of purely artistic representation of loved ones.
Q:
There is more collective production and performance of art in non-Western societies than in Western, industrialized states.
Q:
During his work among the Tiv, Bohannan found that critics played a key role in the creative process for the production of works of art.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this chapter as a way of defining art?A. Art is something that attracts your attention, catches your eye, and directs your thoughts.B. Art is the quality, production, expression, or realm of what is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance.C. Art is the class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria.D. Art expresses culture through which a person or persons can express themselves creatively in the visual arts, literature, music, and theater arts.E. Art is in a cultural sphere separate from politics and religion.
Q:
Any media-borne image or message can be analyzed in terms of its nature, including its symbolism and its effects. It can also be analyzed as a text, which refers to
A. literary works and other print media.
B. anything produced by mass media having commercial value.
C. anything that can be read or processed, interpreted, and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it.
D. anything that can be read but whose interpretation is determined by the producer of the text.
E. our capacity to codify information.
Q:
In a study assessing the effects of television on behavior, attitudes, and values, Kottak and a team of researchers found that
A. television exposure has a greater impact on behavior, attitudes, and values in the United States than in Brazil.
B. the claim that television exposure affects peoples behavior, attitudes, and values is overstated.
C. television exposure inevitably leads to a decrease in social interaction, regardless of the culture.
D. Brazilians watch telenovelas because they see in these programs the traditions of their culture vividly represented and valued.
E. peoples ideas about proper family size are influenced as they see, day after day, nuclear families smaller than the traditional ones in their town.
Q:
Anthropologists have an interest in sports because, as the medias illustrations of U.S. football suggest,
A. sports can symbolize certain key aspects of the culture where they are highly popular.
B. sports are a rare aspect of culture that is influenced by culture but not vice versa.
C. sports allow for easy cross-cultural cultural comparison, because in the international arena the way sports are practiced is the same.
D. they give insight into unfamiliar cultural dynamics that have nothing to do with the general culture.
E. they exemplify how the media determine single-handedly which sports are popular and which are not.
Q:
Susan Montague and Robert Morais (1981) argue that Americans appreciate football because it presents a miniaturized and simplified version of modern organizations. These researchers
A. suggest that football, with its territorial incursion and violence, is popular because Americans are violent people.
B. link footballs values, particularly teamwork, to those associated with business.
C. argue that football allows spectators to vicariously realize their own hostile and aggressive tendencies.
D. suggest that football is a peculiarly American pastime because of our wartime history.
E. argue that football should be regulated the same way we regulate corporations.
Q:
All art is objectively beautiful.
Q:
The techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular films in American culture, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars. Which of the following is NOT an example of such an analysis, revealing the similarities between the two films?
A. Star Wars is a systematic structural transformation of The Wizard of Oz.
B. In both movies, fairy-tale heroes are often accompanied on their adventures by secondary characters who personify the virtues needed for a successful quest.
C. Both films focus on the childs relationship with the parent of the same sex, dividing that parent into three parts.
D. Both heroes use magic to accomplish their goals.
E. Confirming Lvi-Strausss analysis of myths around the world, these movies have many secondary cultural references that only cultured audiences are able to perceive and appreciate.
Q:
Appreciation for the arts must be learned, it being part of the process of
A. aesthetic tuning.
B. biological adaptation.
C. imitation.
D. cultural evolution.
E. enculturation.
Q:
In nonindustrial societies, artists
A. tend to be full-time specialists.
B. tend to be part-time specialists.
C. do not exist.
D. are relegated to the hidden transcript of the social contract.
E. tend to display their work exclusively in galleries.
Q:
All of the following are examples of an ethnocentric view of art in the non-Western world EXCEPT that
A. all non-Western art is produced for religious purposes.
B. all non-Western art is anonymously produced by the culture.
C. non-Westerners cannot appreciate Western art, because they are not cultured enough.
D. non-Western artists simply follow tradition; they do not exercise their creativity or break from the norm.
E. non-Western sculpture is not always art.
Q:
As we enter the 21st century, artistic expression
A. within industrialized states is increasingly becoming more isolated and independent.
B. finds itself intentionally avoiding the use of multiple expressive media in favor of employing only one medium.
C. can be seen to be increasingly incorporating elements from many cultures into contemporary art and performance.
D. is disappearing from our cultural repertoire.
E. has lost most of its effectiveness.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT influence artistic expression?
A. patronage and sponsorship
B. advice and criticism from judges and experts
C. etic categories of utilitarian and nonutilitarian elements of society
D. public opinion
E. the desire of artists to express themselves
Q:
Findings of finely shaped bones dating from more than 70,000 years ago in South Africas BlombosCave suggest that
A. anatomically modern humans were good toolmakers but terrible artists.
B. australopithecines had the ability of symbolic thought.
C. scientists need to be careful with tampered evidence about the emergence of culture.
D. anatomically modern humans had the ability, as early as 70,000 years ago, of symbolic thought.
E. bones were used for their functional, not aesthetic, value.
Q:
What is the term for the study of the music of the world and of music as an aspect of culture?
A. acoustic anthropology
B. harmonic anthropology
C. tonal anthropology
D. ethnomusicology
E. sociomusicology
Q:
Because music is a cultural universal and musical abilities seem to run in families,
A. everybody, regardless of culture, loves to dance.
B. it is possible to use musical abilities as a biological marker for human races.
C. it has been suggested that music is a concept of a social fiction.
D. anthropologists should investigate the connection between music and formerly misunderstood kinship arrangements.
E. it has been suggested that the predisposition for music may have a genetic basis.
Q:
Found in a cave in Slovenia, the oldest known musical instrument, the Divje babe flute, dates back more than
A. 130,000 years.
B. 5,000 years.
C. 5 million years, to roughly the time of the emergence of bipedalism.
D. 43,000 years.
E. 10,000 years, the same time as the emergence of agriculture.
Q:
Folk art, music, and lore refer to the
A. unrefined manifestations of human creativity produced by illiterate societies.
B. expressive cultures of ordinary people.
C. forms of artistic expression found in the New World prior to the arrival of Columbus.
D. forms of artistic expression that exist independently of any given cultural system.
E. manifestations of human creativity that siblings exchange with their progenitors.
Q:
For the women of Planinica, a Muslim village in prewar Bosnia, singing signaled
A. a series of transitions between life stages.
B. the arrival of spring.
C. that the artisans of the neighboring village were in town to sell their goods.
D. different things to different women.
E. the arrival of soldiers who had finished their military service.
Q:
Actors, musicians, and dancers
A. are not artists, since they perform but do not create art.
B. function as parasitic consumers of the creative works of artists.
C. distort and dilute the artistic mastery of other artists.
D. function as intermediaries who translate the works and ideas of other artists.
E. are marginal members of artistic communities around the world.
Q:
Art can often lead to an intense emotional release, also referred to as
A. hypercommunication.
B. catharsis.
C. exalted symbolism.
D. humor.
E. intensive aesthetics.
Q:
In many non-Western societies, how are traditional manifestations of expressive culture transmitted?
A. through formal state-run schools for the arts
B. by chance
C. in families
D. through the nonproductive members of society
E. only by fully initiated adults
Q:
In his study of Navajo music, McAllester found that it reflected the overall culture in all of the following ways EXCEPT a general
A. Navajo conservatism extended to music.
B. Navajo stress on proper form applied to music.
C. Navajo stress on individualism extended to music.
D. Navajo liberalism extended to music.
E. distaste among the Navajo for foreign music.
Q:
What kind of evidence led scientists studying remains at South Africas BlombosCave to suggest that they had found proof of symbolic thought dated to more than 70,000 years ago?
A. The tools found were specialized for different purposes.
B. Among the bone tools they found were some that were not just sharp but also symmetrical and polished, characteristics that do not add functional value to the tool.
C. Like Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Europe, the art in BlombosCave exhibited graphic representations on its walls.
D. What looks like rudimentary pedestals were found that may have been used to exhibit artistic objects.
E. Among the smaller objects found were earrings and necklaces.
Q:
Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly.
Q:
Shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies.
Q:
Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism.
Q:
Based on peoples claimed religions, Christianity is the worlds largest, with some 2.1 billion adherents.
Q:
Worldwide, Islam is growing at a rate of about 2.9 percent annually, versus 2.3 percent for Christianity, whose overall growth rate is the same as the rate of world population increase.
Q:
The Handsome Lake revitalization movement urged its followers to reaffirm the traditions of the Iroquois.
Q:
A syncretism is a mixture of cultural influences from a series of different cultural traditions.
Q:
The cargo cults of Melanesia functioned to integrate Melanesians and set the stage for the formation of political parties and economic interest groups.
Q:
________ is synonymous with the arts.
A. Social creativity
B. Aesthetics
C. Myth
D. Expressive culture
E. Performance
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between art and religion?
A. All non-Western art is produced anonymously for religious purposes.
B. In all societies, art is produced for religious purposes as well as its aesthetic value.
C. All of the greatest accomplishments in Western art have been commissioned by formal religions.
D. Since nonstate societies lack permanent buildings dedicated to art (museums) or religion (temples, churches), there is no link between art and religion in these societies.
E. Western art is divorced from religion.
Q:
What kind of society has buildings dedicated to the arts?
A. band
B. tribe
C. chiefdoms
D. segmentary lineage
E. state
Q:
Why do the Kalabari carve wooden sculptures of spirits?
A. purely for aesthetic reasons
B. as an artifact of colonialism; the carvings were a form of resistance to the colonial intrusion and were used in voodoo rituals
C. to market and sell them on the world market
D. to manipulate spiritual forces, illustrating that not all sculpture is art
E. to serve as voodoo dolls
Q:
Which of the following statements about individual artists in non-Western societies is true?
A. They tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.
B. They are more likely to be part of the cultural mainstream than Western artists, because social approval and acceptance is more important in non-Western societies.
C. They are all trained in formal, state-controlled schools for the arts.
D. They are nonexistent.
E. They are just copying Western art forms.
Q:
In states, how is art typically defined?
A. If something is mass produced, it cannot be art.
B. State societies rely heavily on critics, judges, and experts to make these decisions.
C. Only things intentionally created as art can be called art.
D. Only artists create art.
E. If it is expensive, it is art.
Q:
In an example of how definitions of art change through time and space, this chapter describes how French impressionism, currently widely esteemed as exceptional art, was initiallyA. celebrated as one of the great innovations of 19th-century painting.B. based on abstract sand paintings from French colonies in West Africa.C. considered a throwback to old school painting styles.D. ignored for lacking any originality.E. criticized for being too sketchy and spontaneous to be considered art.
Q:
Which of the following statements about religion is NOT true?
A. It is a cultural construction, therefore not a reality.
B. It can both create and maintain divisions within society.
C. It is sometimes a source of conflict.
D. It is, in some cases, ecologically adaptive.
E. It can both create and maintain social solidarity.
Q:
According to this chapters Focus on Globalization section, Evangelical Protestantism is most explosive in Global South countries. Which of the following regions is NOT part of the Global South?
A. Middle East and North Africa
B. sub-Saharan Africa
C. Japan
D. Latin America
E. Brazil
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a problem with defining religion?
A. There are both sacred and secular rituals.
B. Distinctions between supernatural and natural are not consistently made in a society, making it difficult to tell what is a religion and what isnt.
C. Behaviors considered appropriate for religious occasions vary between cultures.
D. Only one religion can be considered true, so all others must be classified as myth.
E. Defining religion with reference to supernatural powers makes it difficult to classify ritual-like behavior in secular contexts.
Q:
mile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed the collective, social, shared, and enacted nature of religion, the emotions it generates, and the meanings it embodies.
Q:
Like ethnicity and language, religion is also associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations.
Q:
According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.
Q:
In Melanesia, mana is an essential sacred life force that resides in people, animals, plants, and objects.
Q:
According to Bronislaw Malinowski, religion provides people with emotional comfort during problematic times.
Q:
A major difference between rituals and plays is that the participants in rituals are performing in earnest.
Q:
By participating in a ritual, participants signal that they accept the common social and ethical order prescribed by their religion.
Q:
Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism.