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Q:
Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
Q:
Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means.
Q:
Culture is not itself biological but rests on certain features of human biology.
Q:
Linguistic anthropology
A. is a research strategy of biological anthropologists studying the emergence of language among nonhuman primates.
B. relies heavily on the methods of phrenology.
C. includes sociolinguistics, descriptive linguistics, and the study of the biological basis for speech.
D. includes cultural anthropology and paleoecology.
E. has securely dated the origin of hominid language.
Q:
Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because
A. its main object of study are humans.
B. of its fundamental respect for human diversity.
C. its findings are best expressed with the tools of the humanities.
D. the field, particularly in the United States, traces its origins to philosophy and literature.
E. it puts so much emphasis on the study of culture that cannot be studied scientifically.
Q:
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Dr. Sing Lee, a Hong Kong-based psychiatrist and researcher, documented what was at that time a culturally specific and vary rare disorder in teenage females. What was the disorder?
A. bulimia
B. anorexia
C. post traumatic stress
D. koro
E. mal de ojo
Q:
Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans
A. is unique to European anthropology.
B. was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology.
C. proved early on that culture is a function of race.
D. is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S.
E. was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach.
Q:
How are the four subfields of U.S. anthropology unified?
A. Each subfield studies human variation through time and space.
B. Each subfield studies the human capacity for language.
C. Each subfield studies human biological variability.
D. Each subfield studies human genetic variation through time and space.
E. The subfields really are not unified; their grouping into one discipline is a historical accident.
Q:
What is one of the most fundamental key assumptions that anthropologists share?
A. There are no universals, so cross-cultural research is bound to fail.
B. A degree in philosophy is the best way to produce good ethnography.
C. We can draw conclusions about human nature by studying a single society.
D. Anthropologists cannot agree on what anthropology is, much less share key assumptions.
E. A comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential to study the human condition.
Q:
Cultural anthropologists carry out their fieldwork in
A. factories.
B. the tropics.
C. the third world.
D. former colonies.
E. all kinds of societies.
Q:
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes how cultural forces constantly mold human biology?
A. cultural genetics perspective
B. biocultural perspective
C. psychological anthropological perspective
D. holistic perspective
E. scientific-humanistic perspective
Q:
Ethnography is the
A. study of biological adaptability.
B. preliminary data that sociologists use to develop survey research.
C. fieldwork component of cultural anthropology.
D. cross-cultural comparative component of cultural anthropology.
E. generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.
Q:
Based on his observation that contact between neighboring tribes had existed since humanity's beginnings and covered enormous areas, Franz Boas argued
A. against treating cultures as isolated phenomena.
B. that even the earliest foragers engaged in warfare.
C. that language must have originated among the Neandertals.
D. that biology, not culture, was responsible for the vast majority of human diversity.
E. that general anthropologists were wrong to focus too much attention on biology.
Q:
What component of cultural anthropology is comparative and focused on building upon our understanding of how cultural systems work?
A. ethnography
B. data collection
C. ethnology
D. fieldwork
E. data entry
Q:
Archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of Florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples of how
A. archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples.
B. Hollywood has popularized archaeology in recent movies, making it a popular college major.
C. archaeology is going through an identity crisis, with its practitioners questioning the discipline's focus on studying prehistory.
D. archaeology is free from having to worry about the impact of its work on people.
E. training in the use of research skills for extreme environmentssuch as landfills and the deep seaare worth the time, resources, and risk for the sake of the anthropological knowledge gained.
Q:
Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following in order to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space?
A. cultural means of adaptation
B. biological means of adaptation, mostly thanks to advanced medical research
C. a holistic and comparative approach to problem solving
D. social institutions, such as the state, that coordinate collective action
E. technological means of adaptation, such as the creation of virtual worlds that allow us to escape from day-to-day reality
Q:
Today's global economy and communications link all contemporary people, directly or indirectly, in the modern world system. People must now cope with forces generated by progressively larger systemsthe region, the nation, and the world. For anthropologists studying contemporary forms of adaptation, why might this be a challenge?
A. Truly isolated indigenous communities, anthropology's traditional and ongoing study focus, are becoming harder to find.
B. According to Marcus and Fischer (1986), "The cultures of world peoples need to be constantly rediscovered as these people reinvent them in changing historical circumstances."
C. A more dynamic world system, with greater and faster movements of people across space, speeds up the process of evolution, making the study of genetic adaptations more difficult.
D. Anthropological research tools do not work in this new modern world system, making their contributions less valuable.
E. Since cultures are tied to place, people moving around and connecting across space means the end of culture, and thus the end of anthropology.
Q:
In general, Americans tend to maintain a greater physical distance from others they interact with on a day-to-day basis, especially when compared to Brazilians or Italians, who need less personal space. However, the story of American students' attitudes toward hugging in "Give Me a Hug" reminds us that
A. any nation usually contains diverse and even conflicting cultural values, and these cultural values are not static.
B. the key reason for the poor track-record of U.S. diplomacy begins with failures in the American school system.
C. some aspects of culture are more biologically determined than others.
D. cultural values regarding bodily touch and personal space are very difficult to change from one generation to another.
E. homosexuality is becoming more prevalent, and more accepted, among teenagers.
Q:
What are the four subfields of anthropology?
A. medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology
B. archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology
C. biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
D. genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, and linguistic and anthropology
E. primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleoscatology
Q:
What is anthropology?
A. the art of ethnography
B. the study of long-term physiological adaptation
C. the study of the stages of social evolution
D. the humanistic investigation of myths in nonindustrial societies
E. the exploration of human diversity in time and space
Q:
A holistic and comparative perspective
A. makes general anthropology superior to sociocultural anthropology.
B. refers only to the cultural aspects of human diversity that anthropologists study.
C. makes anthropology an interesting field of study, but too broad of one to apply to real problems people face today.
D. most characterizes anthropology, when compared to other disciplines that study humans.
E. is the hallmark of all social sciences, not just anthropology.
Q:
As humans organize their lives and adapt to different environments, our abilities to learn, think symbolically, use language, and employ tools and other products
A. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture itself a biological phenomenon.
B. have made some human groups more cultured than others.
C. prove that only fully developed adults have the capacity for culture; children lack the capacity for culture until they mature.
D. rest on certain features of human biology that make culture, which is not itself biological, possible.
E. are shared with other animals capable of organized group lifesuch as baboons, wolves, and even ants.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about culture?
A. Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success.
B. Culture is passed on genetically to future generations.
C. Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior.
D. Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to it.
E. Culture is passed on from generation to generation.
Q:
What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition?
A. acculturation
B. ethnology
C. enculturation
D. ethnography
E. biological adaptation
Q:
This chapter's description of how humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes illustrates
A. human capacities for cultural and biological adaptation, the latter involving both genetic and physiological adaptations.
B. how biological adaptations are effective only when they are genetic.
C. how human plasticity has decreased ever since we embraced a sedentary lifestyle some 10,000 years ago.
D. how in matters of life or death, biology is ultimately more important than culture.
E. the need for anthropologists to pay more attention to human adaptation in extreme environments.
Q:
The presence of more efficient respiratory systems to extract oxygen from the air among human populations living at high elevations is an example of which form of adaptation?
A. short-term physiological adaptation
B. cultural adaptation
C. symbolic adaptation
D. genetic adaptation
E. long-term physiological adaptation
Q:
This chapter begins with a bold claim: Anthropologists study human beings wherever and whenever they find them. Yet there are limits to when and where anthropologists can carry out their work. Can you think of any? How might your consideration of these limits affect how you would design an anthropological study?
Q:
This chapter provides an example of human adaptation to high altitude to illustrate the various forms of cultural and biological adaptation. Can you think of another example that illustrates the broad capacity of humans to adapt both biologically and culturally?
Q:
How can the perspective of an ethnographer, who carries out research at the local level of communities, contribute to large-scale environmental concerns such as climate change and deforestation?
Q:
What is environmental anthropology? What can be its contribution to addressing environmental threats around the world?
Q:
What are some of the arguments for and against the interpretation of the mass media as forms of cultural imperialism?
Q:
What is a text, and how does its reading relate to the role of the individual in popular culture?
Q:
What is the difference between postmodernity and postmodernism? How has postmodernity affected the units of anthropological study?
Q:
The 2008 global economic crisis emphasized the interconnected nature of peoples livelihoods all over the world. This chapter featured the predicament of Brazilian immigrants in the United States. How did the economic downturn, among other factors, affect their decision to return to Brazil? How has it affected you, your family, and your community?
Q:
How have recent movements regarding the politics of identity with regard to indigenous peoples varied around the world?
Q:
How have indigenous movements, political mobilization, and identity politics affected ethnography?
Q:
Identities are not fixed; they are fluid and multiple. People seize on particular, sometimes competing, self-labels and identities, depending on context.
Q:
Cultural forces are indigenized when native traditions are presented to and appreciated by the former colonialists, who acknowledge these forces as indigenous or native.
Q:
Mass media can play an important role is constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities.
Q:
TV programming that is culturally alien tends to outperform native programming when the alien programming comes from the United States, Great Britain, and France.
Q:
Forces influencing production and consumption are no longer restricted by national boundaries.
Q:
Diaspora refers to the hegemonic policy of dominators to isolate individuals who publicly resist from the rest of the population.
Q:
Postmodernism refers to the breakdown of traditional categories, standards, and boundaries in favor of a more fluid, context-dependent set of identities.
Q:
Globalization promotes intercultural communication, migration, and commerce, thereby increasing the opportunities for what the text describes as postmodern moments.
Q:
The term indigenous people gained legitimacy within international law with the creation in 1982 of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations.
Q:
Social movements worldwide have adopted the term indigenous people as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but are now legitimizing it in the search for social, cultural, and political rights.
Q:
In Latin America, the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities.
Q:
Essentialism describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
Q:
Contemporary, applied ecological anthropologists work to plan and implement policies aimed at environmental preservation. They also advocate for people who are at risk, actually or potentially. One of the roles for todays environmental anthropologist is to assess the extent and nature of risk perception and to harness that awareness to combat environmental degradation.
Q:
One of the challenges that environmental anthropologists face is that risk perception is rarely related to actions that can reduce threat to the environment.
Q:
Although acculturation can be applied to any case of cultural contact and change, the term most often has described Westernization, the positive influence of Western expansion that has spread democratic and capitalistic values to those less fortunate.
Q:
As a vehicle of change, religious proselytizing is a culturally neutral factor.
Q:
Modern technology plays an important role in both facilitating cultural imperialism and resisting it.
Q:
Although anthropologists may be interested in contemporary global issues such as climate change, their perspective is necessarily limited to the local scale of their fieldwork.
Q:
Scientists prefer the term climate change to global warming. The former term points out that, beyond rising temperatures, there have been changes in sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects.
Q:
Radiative forcings work to warm and cool the earth. If these didnt exist, there would be no global warming.
Q:
Ethnoecology is any societys set of environmental practices and perceptionsthat is, its cultural model of the environment and its relation to people and society.
Q:
Development projects usually fail when they try to replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
Q:
When people are asked to give up the basis of their livelihood, they usually comply, especially if they are paid money.
Q:
The spread of environmentalism may expose radically different notions about the rights and values of plants and animals versus humans. Fortunately, it is clear to everyone that certain animal rights trump other rights.
Q:
Worldwide, concern about environmental and technological risks is more developed in groups that are less endangered by those risks.
Q:
________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canonsrules, standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.
A. Chaos
B. Entropy
C. Postmodern
D. Agoraphobia
E. Diaspora
Q:
Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social, cultural, and political rights?
A. indio
B. indigenous people
C. mestizo
D. autochthon
E. freedom fighter
Q:
In Spanish-speaking Latin America, social scientists and politicians favor which term over indio (Indian), the colonial term that the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors used to refer to the native inhabitants of the Americas?
A. indgena (indigenous person)
B. civilian
C. citizen
D. cultural patrimony
E. autochthon
Q:
The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
A. political reforms involving a restructuring of the state.
B. their cultural distinctiveness.
C. their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities.
D. territorial rights and access to natural resources, including control over economic development.
E. reforms of military and police powers over indigenous peoples.
Q:
Unlike indigenous peoples, what term, which highlights the prominence that the exclusion of strangers has assumed in day-to-day politics worldwide, has been claimed by majority groups in Europe?
A. indigenous people
B. autochthon
C. mestizo
D. euroindio
E. freedom fighter
Q:
________ describes the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed.
A. Essentialism
B. Marketing
C. Autochthony
D. Patrimony
E. Fluidity
Q:
Identities are
A. fixed by both genotype and phenotype.
B. never dependent on context.
C. not fixed; they are fluid and multiple.
D. fictions.
E. creative constructs and therefore of little real consequence.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the globalization of risk is correct?
A. Rebroadcasting risk in the media magnifies risk perception.
B. Concern about risk is less developed in groups that are less endangered by those risks.
C. Brazil has fewer unregulated ecological hazards than the U.S. does.
D. Across Brazil, Brazilians are universally aware of environmental risks.
E. Risks tend to be only local or regional, and not global concerns.
Q:
Cultural meaning is
A. imposed by a text.
B. locally created.
C. inherent in a text.
D. produced by a text, not from it.
E. determined only by the author.
Q:
Illustrating how forces from world centers can and are creatively modified to fit the local culture, how did the Native Australians interpret the movie Rambo?
A. They saw Rambo as an imperialist agent.
B. They saw Rambo as a Communist spy.
C. They assigned Rambo to the kangaroo clan.
D. They created tribal ties and kin links between Rambo and the prisoners he was rescuing.
E. They creatively opposed the film as a form of resistance to the world system.
Q:
This chapter describes Americans belief that U.S. television programs inevitably triumph over local products around the world asA. ethnocentric.B. culturally relative.C. indigenized.D. imagined.E. politically correct.
Q:
To Arjun Appadurai (1990), ________ describes the linkages in the modern world that have both enlarged and erased old boundaries and distinctions.
A. postmodern
B. ethnocentric
C. translocal
D. essentialized
E. diasporic
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of postmodernism?
A. It originally described a style and movement in architecture.
B. It rejects rules, geometric order, and austerity.
C. It has a clear and functional design or structure.
D. It draws on a diversity of styles from different times and places.
E. It extends value well beyond classic, elite, Western cultural forms.
Q:
Which is the single greatest obstacle to slowing climate change?
A. the growing population of the poorer nations in the world
B. proper climatic changes
C. having scientists decide on a definition of climate change
D. meeting energy needs, particularly in energy-hungry countries such as the United States, China, and India
E. a lack of data portraying the effects of climate change
Q:
Todays ecological anthropology, also known as environmental anthropology, attempts not only to understand but also to
A. find solutions to environmental problems, acknowledging that ecosystems management involves multiple levels.
B. prescribe top-down solutions to ecological problems.
C. work closely with state agencies, among whom they do most of their ethnography, to promote institutional change.
D. contribute to development projects that sometimes, out of necessity, replace indigenous institutions with culturally alien concepts.
E. promote the concepts of environmental rights, even at the expense of cultural rights.
Q:
Westernization is a form of what kind of cultural change?
A. exodus
B. imperialism
C. acculturation
D. enculturation
E. migration
Q:
Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests also is a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT
A. demographic pressure, from births or immigration, on subsistence economies.
B. commercial logging and road building.
C. cash cropping.
D. the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life.
E. fuel needs associated with urban expansion.
Q:
________ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.
A. Acculturation
B. Hegemony
C. Enculturation
D. Diffusion
E. Colonialism
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the possible consequences experienced after the shock phase of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders?
A. increased mortality
B. a broad-spectrum revolution
C. fragmentation of kin groups
D. damaged social support systems
E. disrupted subsistence