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Social Science
Q:
Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.
Q:
The Kalahari Desert of southern Africa is home to the foraging group known as the Ju/'hoansi San.
Q:
Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.
Q:
Which of the following statements about peasants is NOT true?
A. They all live in state-organized societies.
B. They owe rent to landlords.
C. They practice small-scale agriculture without modern technology such as chemical fertilizers and tractors.
D. They owe rent to the government.
E. They are not part of the world market.
Q:
Who are peasants?
A. people who ignore social norms of behavior
B. small-scale farmers who own their own land and sell all their crops to buy necessities
C. small-scale farmers with rent fund obligations
D. anyone who lives in the country
E. anyone who falls below the poverty line
Q:
Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?
A. generalized exchange
B. the market principle
C. redistribution
D. negative reciprocity
E. balanced reciprocity
Q:
Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle?
A. the profit motive
B. the law of supply and demand
C. impersonal economic relations
D. industrialism
E. kin-based generalized reciprocity
Q:
Which of the following does NOT occur in moving along the cultivation continuum?
A. Population density increases.
B. Societies become more egalitarian.
C. Village size increases.
D. Villages are located closer together.
E. Land is used more intensively.
Q:
What happens as one moves along the cultivation continuum?
A. Ceremonies and rituals become less formal.
B. More time for leisurely pursuits becomes available.
C. The use of land and labor intensifies.
D. There is a heavier reliance on swidden cultivation.
E. The use of communal cooking houses becomes more common.
Q:
Intensive agriculture
A. has a significant impact on the environment, but this impact is very localized and can be controlled.
B. can actually breed greater ecological diversity.
C. is not ecologically destructive when it is done with fuel-efficient machinery.
D. has significant environmental effects such as deforestation, water pollution, and reduction of ecological diversity.
E. is an ecological improvement over sectorial fallowing.
Q:
What term refers to the type of pastoral economy in which the entire population moves with their animals throughout the year?
A. balanced subsistence
B. discretionary pastoralism
C. pastoral nomadism
D. foraging
E. transhumance
Q:
What is a mode of production?
A. a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism
B. the land, labor, technology, and capital of production
C. the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs
D. whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist
E. the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry
Q:
What are the means, or factors, of production?
A. synonyms of a society's mode of production
B. a society's institutional mechanisms for making sure that everyone is productive
C. the ways a society organizes production
D. labor forces organized by kinship ties
E. a society's major productive resources, such as land and other natural resources, labor, technology, and capital
Q:
Unlike in industrial societies, where economic alienation is common, in nonindustrial societies
A. alienation is pervasive.
B. alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes.
C. social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones.
D. the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects.
E. alienation is an ascribed status.
Q:
How are nonindustrial economic systems embedded in society?
A. People are not aware that they are working toward a goal.
B. The economic system has little to do with the everyday life of the people.
C. The economic system cannot easily be separated from other systems, such as kinship.
D. Most nonindustrial economies are managed systems.
E. Most economic activity takes place far from home.
Q:
Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT
A. states.
B. foragers.
C. horticulturalists.
D. pastoralists.
E. chiefdoms.
Q:
Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is:
A. Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary?
B. What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics?
C. What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?
D. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
E. What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals?
Q:
Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar, he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood. All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT
A. agricultural intensification caused by population pressure.
B. the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash.
C. the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash.
D. the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands.
E. emigration.
Q:
Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?
A. increased leisure time
B. improved overall health status of the population
C. increased egalitarianism
D. increasing economic specialization
E. longer fallow periods
Q:
Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies
A. suggest hypothetical correlationsthat is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables.
B. suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production.
C. suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns.
D. suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features.
E. have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of band-organized societies?
A. an egalitarian social structure
B. all related by kinship or marriage
C. fewer than 100 people
D. permanent villages
E. minor contrasts in prestige
Q:
Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?
A. unilineal descent and ancestor worship
B. territoriality and organized warfare
C. high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations
D. a redistributive economy and specialized leadership roles
E. permanent villages and full-time priests
Q:
Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to Paleolithic foragers?
A. There are no present-day foragers.
B. The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn.
C. Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies for long periods of time and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their livelihood.
D. Paleolithic foragers were pre-linguistic.
E. Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens.
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?
A. social stratification
B. sedentism
C. egalitarianism
D. irrigation
E. large populations
Q:
A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by
A. intensive use of land and human labor.
B. the use of irrigation and terracing.
C. developing almost exclusively in arid areas.
D. lack of proper knowledge about plant domestication.
E. periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
Q:
What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
A. foraging societies
B. state-level societies
C. hydraulic societies
D. nonindustrial societies
E. nomadic societies
Q:
Which of the following statements about shifting cultivation is true?
A. It is typically associated with the use of draft animals.
B. It cannot support permanent villages.
C. It requires irrigation.
D. It requires cultivators to change plots of land, with the fallowing durations varying in different societies.
E. It relies extensively on chemical fertilizers.
Q:
Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years?
A. They burn so much wood that the air becomes too polluted to support a healthful existence.
B. Slash-and-burn cultivation is unique to segmentary-lineage organized societies, and crop rotation follows the cycle of interlineage exchange.
C. Slash-and-burn cultivation is associated with big-game hunting, which requires regular movement so as not to deplete the animal population.
D. Slash-and-burn cultivators use relatively primitive irrigation systems, which have to be repaired every three to four years.
E. The wild vegetation needs time to reestablish itself before it is burned to clear the land and fertilize the soil.
Q:
Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true?
A. Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time.
B. Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies.
C. Irrigation usually enriches the soil.
D. The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively.
E. Irrigation fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.
Q:
In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?
A. pastoral nomadic
B. transhumance
C. mixed specialization
D. intensive agriculturalist
E. modified foraging
Q:
Why are forms of mass media such as print and television important to the existence of what Benedict Anderson calls an "imagined community?" How are new communication technologies supporting or changing what Anderson meant by this term?
Q:
In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it. Why?
A. They did not have the skills or tools to do so.
B. Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work.
C. People naturally resist change, especially foragers.
D. They had to ask permission from the state to do so.
E. They did not realize the advantages of food production.
Q:
Which of the following was a characteristic shared by recent foraging communities?
A. They fished a great deal.
B. They relied on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. They spoke simplified languages.
D. They lived in marginal environments that were of little interest to food-producing societies.
E. They devolved to foraging from a more advanced level of subsistence.
Q:
Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature:
A. their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides.
B. their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to.
D. their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water.
E. their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.
Q:
This chapter's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how
A. foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village.
B. foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relation with NGOs.
C. the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.
D. more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization.
E. human rights are limited.
Q:
Why do differences in skin pigmentation exist around the world? What adaptive advantages do different skin colors confer?
Q:
What is meant by the phrase "the social construction of race?" How does this concept differ from race as perceived by the average middle-class American? (Use the description given in the text.)
Q:
What is hypodescent? Why is it an arbitrary rule of racial classification?
Q:
Racial classification is a political issue. Compare the Canadian census in its treatment of racial categories to the U.S. census. What do you think would be the political consequences of using one census over another?
Q:
The election of Barack Obama to the U.S. presidency in 2008 has rekindled public discussion on race in the United States. How does this debate highlight the gap between "the gray" and "the brown?"
Q:
What are the major differences between the Brazilian and U.S. systems of racial classification?
Q:
Describe the political aspect of ethnicity. Give examples. How is multiculturalism an attempt to depoliticize ethnicity? (Start with a careful definition of what you mean by political.)
Q:
What is an "imagined community?" Social roles such as ethnicity and nationality are important to this conceptexplain how.
Q:
Genocide refers to the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder.
Q:
Institutional discrimination happens when institutions rather than individuals are the targets of discrimination.
Q:
Ethnocide refers to the deliberate elimination of a cultural tradition through aggressive policies forcing assimilation.
Q:
As the post-World War II framework of nationsthe former Soviet Union and the socialist and non-socialist countries of eastern Europe and Asiadisintegrates, multiculturalism based on the U.S. and Canadian examples is becoming increasingly popular.
Q:
Is it contradictory to say that membership in an ethnic group is an ascribed status while arguing that we negotiate our social identities? Why or why not? How do we occupy multiple social statuses?
Q:
How does the concept of race used by anthropologists today differ from the concept used by early biologists?
Q:
Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept, anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variation.
Q:
Populations in equatorial Africa and Papua New Guinea are quite similar phenotypically, dark skinned with similar hair and facial features. How would the existence of a typical racial model explain these similarities? How would evolutionary biology's explanation differ? Which model does a better job of explaining the data?
Q:
A key element of multiculturalism is its respect for ethnic diversity.
Q:
Migration and rapid population growth are fueling multiculturalism in countries like the United States and Canada.
Q:
Only dominant or majority groups can have prejudiced views; minority groups are not capable of being prejudiced.
Q:
De facto discrimination refers to the discrimination that occurs when laws exist that harm a specific group and its members.
Q:
The U.S. and Canadian governments use the same racial categories in their census.
Q:
Racial categories in Japan are more rigid than racial categories in Brazil.
Q:
In Japan, the burakumin represent an isolated breeding population that is genetically distinct from the rest of the country.
Q:
Racial categories in Brazil are not rigid; rather, they often change depending on the social setting.
Q:
Brazilian racial classification is based exclusively on an individual's phenotype.
Q:
The term nation has been used to refer to an ethnic group that shares a religion, language, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship.
Q:
One of the definitions of state is a centrally organized political unit, a government.
Q:
A nation-state refers to an ethnic group that is not politically autonomous.
Q:
Colonialism often erected boundaries that corresponded poorly with preexisting cultural divisions.
Q:
Host countries that emphasize assimilation tend to encourage minority ethnic groups to retain their identities.
Q:
A plural society is the opposite of a society that forces groups to assimilate.
Q:
Multiculturalism emphasizes the need for a series of cultures to abandon their old ethnic identities and join together to forge a new and unique cultural identity.
Q:
Hypodescent in the United States automatically determines the race of a child whose parents belong to different racial groups.
Q:
The term hypodescent refers to individuals who are racially pure.
Q:
Interracial, biracial, and multiracial identities are becoming more and more common in the United States.
Q:
Biological races have been scientifically discredited not just among humans but also among all living species.
Q:
Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks distinct races, because human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop into discrete groups.
Q:
Biologists have rejected the idea of three great raceswhite, black, and yellowlargely because it fails to account for Native Americans.
Q:
The only chance for human racial classification schemes to work is to shift from using phenotypic to genotypic characteristics of human populations.
Q:
Physical features cluster into discrete genetic units.
Q:
Phenotypic similarities and differences always have a genetic basis.
Q:
There is much greater variation within each of the traditional races than between them.
Q:
The role of natural selection in producing variation in human skin color illustrates the explanatory approach to explaining human biological diversity.
Q:
Higher amounts of melanin in the skin inhibit the body's ability to manufacture vitamin D. This confers an adaptive advantage in environments with excessive sun exposure.
Q:
In cultural terms, a race is an ethnic group that has a biological basis.