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Social Science
Q:
Cultural values, social forces, and the media influence international sports success.
Q:
Discuss why it is so difficult to come up with a universally applicable definition for art.
Q:
What is the relationship between art and religion? Is all art religious? Are all religious objects art? Could an object that starts off as religious acquire the qualities of art, and vice versa?
Q:
Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
Q:
The Native Australian wooden wind instrument that is a popular "tribal" instrument known for its unique tonality is called a nadaswaram.
Q:
Because appreciation of the arts is acquired through enculturation, what one finds aesthetically pleasing depends in part on one's cultural background.
Q:
President Eisenhower etched a lasting image of tennis as a Republican sport, despite the fact that Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama also play the game.
Q:
The reason students of non-Western art have generally ignored individual artists in the societies they have studied is that there aren't any. In non-Western communities, there is no concept of individual artists.
Q:
Winning in team sports is more highly prized as a cultural value in Brazil than in the United States.
Q:
"Readers" of a text make their own interpretations and derive their own feelings from it. "Readers" of media messages constantly produce their own meanings.
Q:
Brazilians' inherent sociability helps account for the explosive growth of online social network use in their country.
Q:
The media offer a rich web of external connectionsthrough cable, satellite, the Internet, television, movies, radio, telephones, print, and other sourcesthat can provide contact, information, entertainment, and potential social validation.
Q:
The study of television's impact on people's behavior, attitudes, and values is the domain of sociologists, not anthropologists.
Q:
Anthropologist W. Arens (1981) argued that the reason football is such a peculiarly U.S. pastime is that Americans enjoy particularly violent sports.
Q:
Some researchers have proposed that early humans with a biological penchant for music may have been able to live more effectively in social groups, thus conferring an adaptive advantage to this penchant.
Q:
Catharsis is an intense emotional release.
Q:
Nonstate societies generally lack permanent, specialized venues for art and religion.
Q:
In the United States, there is a sharp distinction between what is considered art and what is not.
Q:
In modern states, there tends to be much more uniformity in the culture's artistic standards compared to in less stratified societies.
Q:
Among the Kalabari, wood sculptures represent the highest form of purely artistic representation of loved ones.
Q:
There is more collective production and performance of art in non-Western societies than in Western, industrialized states.
Q:
During his work among the Tiv, Bohannan found that critics played a key role in the creative process for the production of works of art.
Q:
In non-Western societies, artists tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.
Q:
In states, all artwork can be clearly attributed to a specific artist.
Q:
In Western societies, the standards for artistic completeness and mastery are maintained in large part by critics, specialists, and experts.
Q:
Music is one of the most social kinds of artistic expression.
Q:
The oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje babe flute," dates back to more than 43,000 years ago.
Q:
All art is objectively beautiful.
Q:
Expressive culture refers to the components of a culture that are expressed publicly, as opposed to the private aspects of culture that are hidden from anthropologists.
Q:
Art and religion are similar, because both refer to aspects of culture that are of more than ordinary significance.
Q:
Appreciating art involves an aesthetic appreciation of form as well as feeling.
Q:
Traditionally, art and religion occupy mutually exclusive realms in society.
Q:
Which of the following groups is more accepting of mass media in Brazil?
A. elites
B. intellectuals
C. women
D. clergy
E. older men
Q:
Which of the following is NOT discussed in this chapter as a way of defining art? A. Art is something that attracts your attention, catches your eye, and directs your thoughts.
B. Art is the quality, production, expression, or realm of what is beautiful or of more than ordinary significance.
C. Art is the class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria.
D. Art is the creative expression of culture through the visual arts, literature, music, theater arts, and other methods.
E. Art is in a cultural sphere separate from politics and religion.
Q:
Any media-borne image or message can be analyzed in terms of its nature, including its symbolism and its effects. It can also be analyzed as a text, which refers to
A. literary works and other print media.
B. anything produced by mass media having commercial value.
C. anything that can be read or processed, interpreted, and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it.
D. anything that can be read but whose interpretation is determined by the producer of the text.
E. our capacity to codify information.
Q:
In a study assessing the effects of television on behavior, attitudes, and values, Kottak and a team of researchers found that
A. television exposure has a greater impact on behavior, attitudes, and values in the United States than in Brazil.
B. the claim that television exposure affects people's behavior, attitudes, and values is overstated.
C. television exposure inevitably leads to a decrease in social interaction, regardless of the culture.
D. Brazilians watch telenovelas because they see in these programs the traditions of their culture vividly represented and valued.
E. people's ideas about proper family size are influenced as they see, day after day, nuclear families smaller than the traditional ones in their town.
Q:
Anthropologists have an interest in sports because, as the media's illustrations of U.S. football suggest,
A. sports can symbolize certain key aspects of the culture in which they are highly popular.
B. sports are a rare aspect of culture that is influenced by culture but not vice versa.
C. sports allow for easy cross-cultural comparison, because in the international arena the way sports are practiced is the same.
D. they give insight into unfamiliar cultural dynamics that have nothing to do with the general culture.
E. they exemplify how the media determine single-handedly which sports are popular and which are not.
Q:
Susan Montague and Robert Morais (1981) argue that Americans appreciate football because it presents a miniaturized and simplified version of modern organizations. These researchers
A. suggest that football, with its territorial incursion and violence, is popular because Americans are violent people.
B. link football's values, particularly teamwork, to those associated with business.
C. argue that football allows spectators to vicariously realize their own hostile and aggressive tendencies.
D. suggest that football is a peculiarly American pastime because of our wartime history.
E. argue that football should be regulated the same way we regulate corporations.
Q:
For the women of Planinica, a Muslim village in prewar Bosnia, singing signaled
A. a series of transitions between life stages.
B. the arrival of spring.
C. that the artisans of the neighboring village were in town to sell their goods.
D. different things to different women.
E. the arrival of soldiers who had finished their military service.
Q:
Actors, musicians, and dancers
A. are not artists, since they perform but do not create art.
B. function as parasitic consumers of the creative works of artists.
C. distort and dilute the artistic mastery of other artists.
D. function as intermediaries who translate the works and ideas of other artists.
E. are marginal members of artistic communities around the world.
Q:
Art can often lead to an intense emotional release, also referred to as
A. hypercommunication.
B. catharsis.
C. exalted symbolism.
D. humor.
E. intensive aesthetics.
Q:
What helped broaden the study of humanities from fine art and elite art to "folk" and non-Western arts, along with the creative expressions of popular culture?
A. greater ethnic diversity among professors
B. expanded Common Core standards
C. growing acceptance of the anthropological definition of culture
D. the influence of TV and film globalization of media
E. the general public's wider acceptance of world entertainment and arts
Q:
In his study of Navajo music, McAllester found that it reflected the overall culture in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A. a general Navajo belief in the right way to sing a song.
B. a general Navajo stress on proper form applied to music.
C. a general Navajo stress on individualism extended to music.
D. a general Navajo liberalism extended to music.
E. a general distaste among the Navajo for foreign music.
Q:
The techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular films in American culture, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars. Which of the following would NOT be a part of such an analysis revealing the similarities between the two films?
A. Star Wars is a systematic structural transformation of The Wizard of Oz.
B. In both movies, fairy-tale heroes are often accompanied on their adventures by secondary characters who personify the virtues needed for a successful quest.
C. Both films focus on the child's relationship with the parent of the same sex, dividing that parent into three parts.
D. Both heroes use magic to accomplish their goals.
E. Confirming Lvi-Strauss's analysis of myths around the world, these movies have many secondary cultural references that only cultured audiences are able to perceive and appreciate.
Q:
Appreciation for the arts must be learned, this being part of the process of
A. aesthetic tuning.
B. biological adaptation.
C. imitation.
D. cultural evolution.
E. enculturation.
Q:
In nonindustrial societies, artists
A. tend to be full-time specialists.
B. tend to be part-time.
C. do not exist.
D. are relegated to the hidden transcript of the social contract.
E. tend to display their work exclusively in galleries.
Q:
All of the following are examples of a Western ethnocentric view of art in the non-Western world EXCEPT that
A. all non-Western art is produced for religious purposes.
B. all non-Western art is anonymously produced by the culture.
C. non-Westerners cannot appreciate Western art, because they are not cultured enough.
D. non-Western artists simply follow tradition; they do not exercise their creativity or break from the norm.
E. non-Western sculpture is not always art.
Q:
As we enter the 21st century, artistic expression
A. within industrialized states is increasingly becoming more isolated and independent.
B. finds itself intentionally avoiding the use of multiple expressive media in favor of employing only one medium.
C. can be seen to be increasingly incorporating elements from many cultures into contemporary art and performance.
D. is disappearing from our cultural repertoire.
E. has lost most of its effectiveness.
Q:
Because music is a cultural universal and musical abilities seem to run in families,
A. everybody, regardless of culture, loves to dance.
B. it is possible to use musical abilities as a biological marker for human races.
C. it has been suggested that music is a concept of a social fiction.
D. anthropologists should investigate the connection between music and formerly misunderstood kinship arrangements.
E. it has been suggested that the predisposition for music may have a genetic basis.
Q:
Found in a cave in Slovenia, the oldest known musical instrument, the "Divje babe flute," dates back more than
A. 130,000 years.
B. 5,000 years.
C. 5 million years, to roughly the time of the emergence of bipedalism.
D. 43,000 years.
E. 10,000 years, the same time as the emergence of agriculture.
Q:
Folk art, music, and lore refer to the
A. unrefined manifestations of human creativity produced by illiterate societies.
B. expressive cultures of ordinary people.
C. forms of artistic expression found in the New World prior to the arrival of Columbus.
D. forms of artistic expression that exist independently of any given cultural system.
E. manifestations of human creativity that siblings exchange with their progenitors.
Q:
A syncretism is a mixture of cultural influences from a series of different cultural traditions.
Q:
________ is synonymous with the arts.
A. Social creativity
B. Aesthetics
C. Myth
D. Expressive culture
E. Performance
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between art and religion?
A. All non-Western art is produced anonymously for religious purposes.
B. Art is produced for religious purposes as well as for its aesthetic value.
C. All of the greatest accomplishments in Western art have been commissioned by formal religions.
D. Since nonstate societies lack permanent buildings dedicated to art (museums) or religion (temples, churches), there is no link between art and religion in these societies.
E. Western art is divorced from religion.
Q:
What kind of society most likely has buildings dedicated to the arts?
A. band
B. tribe
C. forager
D. segmentary lineage
E. state
Q:
Why do the Kalabari carve wooden sculptures of spirits?
A. purely for aesthetic reasons
B. as an artifact of colonialism, as the carvings were a form of resistance to colonial intrusion and were used in voodoo rituals
C. to market and sell them on the world market
D. to manipulate spiritual forces, illustrating that not all sculpture is art
E. to serve as voodoo dolls
Q:
Which of the following statements about individual artists in non-Western societies is true?
A. They tend to be iconoclastic and antisocial.
B. They are more likely to be part of the cultural mainstream than Western artists, because social approval and acceptance is more important in non-Western societies.
C. They are all trained in formal, state-controlled schools for the arts.
D. They are nonexistent.
E. They are just copying Western art forms.
Q:
In states, how is art typically defined?
A. If something is mass produced, it cannot be art.
B. State societies rely heavily on critics, judges, and experts to make these decisions.
C. Only things intentionally created as art can be called art.
D. Only artists create art.
E. If it is expensive, it is art.
Q:
A. celebrated as one of the great innovations of 19th-century painting.
B. based on abstract sand paintings from French colonies in West Africa.
C. considered a throwback to "old school" painting styles.
D. ignored for lacking any originality.
E. criticized for being too sketchy and spontaneous to be considered art.
Q:
What kind of evidence led scientists studying remains at South Africa's Blombos Cave to suggest that they had found proof of symbolic thought dated to more than 70,000 years ago?
A. The tools found were specialized for different purposes.
B. Among the bone tools they found were some that were not just sharp but also symmetrical and polished, characteristics that do not add functional value to the tool.
C. Like Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Europe, the art in Blombos Cave exhibited graphic representations on its walls.
D. What looks like rudimentary pedestals were found, which may have been used to exhibit artistic objects.
E. Among the smaller objects found were earrings and necklaces.
Q:
Findings of finely shaped bones dating from more than 100,000 years ago in South Africa's Blombos Cave suggest that
A. anatomically modern humans were good toolmakers but terrible artists.
B. australopithecines had the ability of symbolic thought.
C. scientists need to be careful with tampered evidence about the emergence of culture.
D. anatomically modern humans had the ability, as early as 100,000 years ago, of symbolic thought.
E. bones were used for their functional, not aesthetic, value.
Q:
What is the term for the study of the music of the world and of music as an aspect of culture?
A. acoustic anthropology
B. harmonic anthropology
C. tonal anthropology
D. ethnomusicology
E. sociomusicology
Q:
Worldwide, Islam is growing at a rate of about 2.9 percent annually, versus 2.3 percent for Christianity.
Q:
After Christians and Muslims, the largest spiritual group are those who lack any religious affiliation.
Q:
Animism, belief in souls or doubles, is thought by some to be the earliest form of religion.
Q:
By participating in a ritual, the participants signal that they accept the common social and ethical order prescribed by their religion.
Q:
Rites of passage involve three phases: separation, liminality, and totemism.
Q:
Communitas is the strong feeling of collective unity shared by individuals at the core of a society who define themselves in opposition to the society's liminal members.
Q:
The Hindu principle of ahimsa functions to ensure that cattle milk production is maximized.
Q:
Religion can be used as a powerful means of controlling society.
Q:
Witch hunts are an example of how religion can be used to limit deviant social behavior by instilling strong motivations to behave properly.
Q:
Shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies.
Q:
Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism.
Q:
Based on people's claimed religions, Christianity is the world's largest, with some 2.2 billion adherents.
Q:
Émile Durkheim, an early scholar of religion, stressed what he termed religious effervescence. Anthropologists too have stressed the collective, social, shared, and enacted nature of religion, the emotions it generates, and the meanings it embodies.
Q:
Evangelical Protestantism is experiencing rapid growth in all of the following regions EXCEPT
A. the Middle East and North Africa.
B. sub-Saharan Africa.
C. Europe.
D. Latin America.
E. Brazil.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a problem with defining religion?
A. There are both sacred and secular rituals.
B. Distinctions between supernatural and natural are not consistently made in a society, making it difficult to tell what is a religion and what isn't.
C. Behaviors considered appropriate for religious occasions vary between cultures.
D. Only one religion can be considered true, so all others must be classified as myth.
E. Defining religion with reference to supernatural powers makes it difficult to classify ritual-like behavior in secular contexts.
Q:
Like ethnicity and language, religion is associated with social divisions within and between societies and nations.
Q:
According to Edward Tylor, religion evolved from polytheism to animism to monotheism.
Q:
In Melanesia, mana is an essential sacred life force that resides in people, animals, plants, and objects.