Q&A Hero

Q: Deforestation is a global concern. Forest loss can lead to increased greenhouse gas production, which contributes to global warming. The destruction of tropical forests also is a major factor in the loss of global biodiversity. The global scenarios of deforestation include all of the following EXCEPT A. demographic pressure, from births or immigration, on subsistence economies. B. commercial logging and road building. C. cash cropping. D. the intensification of foraging lifestyles among communities that have retreated from the chaos of modern life. E. fuel needs associated with urban expansion.

Q: ________ refers to the changes that result when groups come into continuous firsthand contact. A. Acculturation B. Hegemony C. Enculturation D. Diffusion E. Colonialism

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the possible consequences experienced after the "shock phase" of an encounter between indigenous societies and more powerful outsiders? A. increased mortality B. a broad-spectrum revolution C. fragmentation of kin groups D. damaged social support systems E. disrupted subsistence

Q: How does acculturation differ from diffusion, or cultural borrowing? A. It can occur without firsthand contact. B. It only affects one of the two groups. C. It can occur when two nonindustrial societies come into contact. D. It requires firsthand contact. E. It affects both groups equally.

Q: Vietnamese children learning French history in French colonial schools is an example of A. bilingual education. B. diffusion. C. cultural borrowing. D. cultural imperialism. E. ethnocide.

Q: What is the name of the Brazilian danceplay that reenacts the Portuguese discovery of Brazil? A. Arembepeiros B. Chegana C. Parantins D. Carnaval E. Dia do Descobrimento

Q: ________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures. A. Diasporation B. Symbolic domination C. Cultural imperialism D. Conquest E. Colonialism

Q: The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth's surface warm. Without greenhouse gaseswater vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozonelife as we know it wouldn't exist. The current problem is that A. most scientists dispute the anthropogenic reasoning for high concentrations of greenhouse gases. B. the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has reached its highest level in 400,000 years and will continue to rise, as will global temperatures, without actions to slow it down. C. scientists cannot agree on a general model of how the greenhouse effect went from being a positive to a negative and a life-threatening force. D. global warming actually benefits 90 percent of the world's population, so it is difficult to mobilize the will to address the anthropogenic causes of climate change. E. it is difficult to distinguish between climate change and global warming.

Q: The distinction between small-c communism and large-C Communism is an example of arbitrary concepts defined in the social sciences.

Q: Postsocialist Russia's economy was growing again by 2010, as were its birth rate and average life expectancy.

Q: "Greenwashing" describes a protest tactic used by militant eco groups, whereby they douse executives of multinational corporations in green paint.

Q: The U.S. government continues to subsidize its own corn farmers, who otherwise would go out of business.

Q: What is the world system perspective, and why is it important in anthropology?

Q: What is the world capitalist economy? When did it originate, and what are its features? What are core, semiperiphery, and periphery? What is their relationship to world capitalism?

Q: What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did life in that period differ from previous life in villages, towns, and cities? Why is this topic relevant to an anthropologist?

Q: How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.

Q: How is the world stratification system related to structural positions within the world capitalist economy? What about the modern stratification system within the United States?

Q: Based on the way the text defines imperialism and colonialism, do you think that they describe phenomena of the past? These terms have been used recently to describe current international affairs. Find an example of this, and compare the use of the term to its definition in the text.

Q: Hundreds of ethnic groups and so-called tribes are colonial constructs. What does this meandoes it suggest that they are only imaginary and therefore of no consequence? Provide illustrations with your answers.

Q: Ethnographic research in postsocialist societies is thriving. What are some of the common problems typical of these societies? Why would an ethnographic approach be advantageous to addressing these problems?

Q: Because our planet's climate is always changing, the key question becomes, how much of global warming is caused by human activities versus natural climate variability? On this issue, most scientists agree that the causes are mainly A. evolutionary. B. ecological. C. anthropogenic. D. moral. E. indigenized.

Q: Many of the political, linguistic, religious, and economic distinctions among the countries of West Africa today are artifacts of colonialism.

Q: Belgian colonial administrators were careful to use culturally significant differences to distinguish between the Hutus and Tutsis.

Q: Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule.

Q: Weber argued that the only true capitalists were Protestants, and people who believed in any other faith could never fully mature as capitalists.

Q: The domestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them.

Q: English national income tripled between 1700 and 1815 and increased 30 times more by 1939. Standards of comfort rose, as did prosperity for all but a select few.

Q: The United States originally started out as a peripheral nation, but by 1900 it had asserted itself as a member of the industrialized core.

Q: Mass production has led to critical consumption as people are forced to make careful decisions regarding what is needed and what is excess.

Q: Colonialism refers to the solicitation by peripheral countries of political and financial assistance from core nations.

Q: The British notion of the "white man's burden" was similar to the French concept mission civilisatrice, in that both were racist ideologies used to justify the colonial efforts of their respective countries.

Q: French colonial strategies incorporated both direct and indirect rule.

Q: Trade and other economic relations between core and periphery disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core.

Q: One consequence of the ongoing globalization of work and migration is that skilled Western workers must now compete against well-educated workers in such low-wage countries as India, where an experienced software programmer earns one-fifth the average salary of a comparable U.S. worker.

Q: Sugar and cotton helped fuel the development of a capitalist world economy.

Q: The Industrial Revolution did not begin in France, because the French domestic manufacturing system could produce satisfactorily without innovating.

Q: The seeds of industrial society were planted well before the 18th century. For example, a knitting machine invented in England in 1589 was so far ahead of its time that it played a profitable role in factories two and three centuries later.

Q: Marx argued that socioeconomic stratification was based on the sharp and simple division between the successful Protestant industrialists and the poor Catholic peasantry.

Q: According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is made up of the people who must sell their labor to survive.

Q: Weber argued that without Catholic ethics and values, capitalism and industrialism would have never spread beyond England.

Q: Who are indigenous peoples? A. people who live in autonomous, independent nation-states B. peasants who are of the same ethnicity as the ruling elite C. original inhabitants of particular areas D. any population living in a nation-state on the periphery of the world system E. people who have emigrated to a new country

Q: As this chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" segment notes, around the world many contemporary nations are repeatingat an accelerated ratethe process of resource depletion that started in Europe and the United States during the Industrial Revolution. Fortunately, however, A. this resource depletion is very localized, since extractive enterprises have been using new technologies that completely eliminate negative externalities. B. the money made from this resource depletion always benefits the host communities and countries. C. resource depletion now is more than 80 percent sustainable. D. today's world has some environmental watchdogsmany of them anthropologistswho did not exist during the first centuries of the Industrial Revolution. E. anthropologists are increasingly being consulted prior to the start of new resource extraction projects.

Q: This chapter's "Focus on Globalization" discusses outsourcing jobs to countries outside the United States. What is an outcome of this process? A. decreased profits for U.S. corporations B. an increase in union membership within the U.S. C. corporations realizing the importance of workers' rights D. fewer jobs in the U.S., as they are replaced by machines and outsourced jobs E. more incentives for illegal immigration

Q: The Occupy movement, which began on Wall Street in New York and spread to other U.S. and Canadian cities, recognizes the disparity between the rich and the poor. Which of the following statements about U.S. wealth as of the year 2012 is NOT correct? A. The top 1% of American households hold over one-third the nation's wealth. B. The net worth of the top 1% is 288 times greater than the typical household's net worth. C. The net worth of the top 1% compared to the typical household is the highest ratio on record. D. The bottom 90% of income-earning households control half of all net worth. E. 74% of U.S. wealth growth in recent years has gone to the top 5%.

Q: The current world stratification system features a substantial contrast between capitalists and workers in the core nations, and workers on the periphery.

Q: According to Wallerstein, the nations in the world system can be classified into three types: core, periphery, and frontier.

Q: What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire? A. manifest destiny B. white man's burden C. this land is our land D. fifty-four forty or fight E. in his majesty's domain

Q: What best typifies the intervention philosophy of the French empire? A. carte blanche B. savoir-faire C. coup d'tat D. mission civilisatrice E. nom de plume

Q: How did the Belgian colonizers of East Africa identify who was Tutsi and who was Hutu? A. individual self-identification B. the number of cattle owned C. previous census data D. phenotype, or how the individual physically looked E. unique tribal body modifications such as scar tattoos

Q: In anthropology, history, and literature, the field of postcolonial studies has gained prominence since the 1970s. Postcolonial refers to A. the study of the interactions between European nations and the societies they colonized. B. the period succeeding the slave trade. C. a moral stance toward oppressed peoples. D. the study of social movements that, instead of rejecting colonialism, actually embraced it and transformed it for their own benefit. E. an up-and-coming subfield in sociology.

Q: All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it A. seeks to control costs by lowering wage expenses. B. characterizes the type of policies designed by powerful international financial institutions. C. has been spreading globally. D. refers to a recent revival of economic liberalism. E. is characterized by the policy that environmental protection and job safety are too important to be left unregulated.

Q: Neoliberalism is a new form of the old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776). To Smith, economic liberalism encouraged free enterprise and competition, with the goal of generating profits. However, this meaning of liberal A. is a Protestant ideology. B. varies depending on whether it refers to politics in a Western or non-Western context. C. has no implications for the relationship between economics and the state. D. is a more accurate use of the term than the one Americans typically hear in current talk radio. E. is different from the one typically used in current U.S. politics, in which liberal is the opposite of conservative.

Q: The labels First World, Second World, and Third World represent a common, if ethnocentric, way of categorizing nations. First World refers to the democratic West, which is traditionally conceived of as being in opposition to a Second World ruled by A. folk economic and political models. B. primitive neoliberalism. C. Communism. D. dictators. E. imperialism.

Q: Communism has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small-c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large-C Communism A. is just another version of neoliberalism but in disguise. B. is an imperial doctrine to appropriate private capital for the sake of the survival of the state. C. is Lenin's political theory of small-c communism. D. refers to the social aspects of small-c communism. E. was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991.

Q: In postsocialist Russia's initial changeover to capitalism, all of the following declined EXCEPT A. the birth rate. B. the poverty rate. C. life expectancy. D. the gross domestic product. E. farm and industry subsidies.

Q: ________ is the term for the physical destruction of ethnic groups by murder, warfare, and introduced diseases. A. Sociocide B. Ethnocide C. Biocide D. Genocide E. Patricide

Q: What term refers to the ideological justification for outsiders to guide native groups in specific directions? A. development ideology B. intervention philosophy C. coercive philosophy D. development philosophy E. intrusive ideology

Q: Periphery nations A. export to the core but not to the semiperiphery. B. lack industrialization. C. are isolated from the world economy. D. have economies that disproportionately benefit capitalists in the core. E. have little incentive to interact with nations of the core.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of core nations? A. They export their raw materials to other countries. B. They consist of the strongest and most powerful states. C. They have advanced systems of production. D. They have complex economies. E. They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.

Q: Which of the following did NOT result from Christopher Columbus's voyages? A. The rate of violence among Native Americans markedly increased. B. Europeans extracted silver and gold from the land. C. Europeans enslaved Native Americans. D. Europeans offered statehood to Peru, Mexico, and Cuba. E. Europeans colonized New World lands.

Q: What does the term Columbian exchange refer to? A. the exchange of culture that occurred among Native Americans and Europeans that eventually led to the first great civilizations in the Americas and, in Europe, the first classless societies B. the general reciprocity that characterized the relationship between Europeans and Native Americans during the first 15 years after initial contact C. the spread of people, resources, products, ideas, and diseases between the eastern and western hemispheres after contact D. the spread of European notions and technologies of warfare to Native Americans, who never engaged in massive violent campaigns prior to the 1500s E. the peaceful exchange among Europeans and Native Americans of native edible plant species

Q: The growth of a market for sugar in Europe spurred A. a tremendous expansion in the strength of independent indigenous nations of Mexico and South America. B. the development of a transatlantic slave trade. C. the movement of sugar-producing nations from the periphery to the core of the world system. D. the movement of capitalism, once a cultural trait specific to New Guinea (where sugar was first domesticated), to the rest of the world. E. a long-term improvement in the distribution of wealth among the rural peasantry of England.

Q: According to Marx, who are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat? A. the products of gender differentiation from Europe's tribal past B. groups destined to reconcile through the postcapitalist process of alienation C. distinct and opposed classes produced by the world capitalist economy D. exogamous social groups E. moiety groups that dominated Western capitalism

Q: According to Karl Marx, classes are A. complementary, in that they each do different tasks necessary for the survival of the society. B. part of the original, preindustrial social system of humans. C. powerful collective forces that could mobilize human energies to influence the course of history. D. based more on notions of prestige and morality than on actual economic differences. E. not important to his vision of social change in Western society.

Q: What changes did workers instigate in response to industrialization in England? A. Workers launched a proletarian revolution. B. Workers barred women and children from working in factories. C. Workers won the right to control production. D. Workers organized to protected their interest. E. Workers demanded the 8-hour work day and the Sabbath off.

Q: Which of the following statements about Karl Marx is NOT true? A. He analyzed 19th-century industrial production capitalism. B. He viewed socioeconomic stratification in terms of several classes with different but complementary interests. C. He called the owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie. D. He called the people who sold their own labor the proletariat. E. He emphasized class consciousness.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about the modern world system? A. The distinction between bourgeoisie and proletariat has disappeared. B. The contrast between capitalists and propertyless workers is a worldwide phenomenon. C. Stratification systems are not simple and dichotomous. D. There is a growing middle class of skilled and professional workers. E. Intermediate occupations create opportunities for social mobility.

Q: According to Weber, what are the three dimensions of social stratification? A. the means of production, mode of production, and measure of production B. status, exchange, and religion C. gender, ethnicity, and race D. wealth, power, and prestige E. age, gender, and ethnicity

Q: What is the name of the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time? A. apartheid B. colonialism C. alienation D. petty capitalism E. industrialization

Q: Which of the following statements about British colonialism is NOT true? A. It lacked an intervention philosophy. B. It can be divided into two stages. C. It was legitimized by the racist notion of the "white man's burden." D. It began to disintegrate after World War II. E. It was partly driven by business interests.

Q: What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit? A. the modern world system B. industrialization C. an open class system D. socioeconomic stratification E. capital

Q: According to Wallerstein (1982, 2004), what are the three structural positions of the modern world system? A. core, periphery, and semiperiphery B. metropole, satellite, and semisatellite C. state, nation-state, and nation D. wealth, power, and prestige E. preliterate, nonliterate, and literate

Q: Cultural values, social forces, and the media influence international sports success.

Q: Discuss why it is so difficult to come up with a universally applicable definition for art.

Q: What is the relationship between art and religion? Is all art religious? Are all religious objects art? Could an object that starts off as religious acquire the qualities of art, and vice versa?

Q: Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?

Q: To what extent can art be isolated from the person who created it? Be sure to include cross-cultural examples to support your answer.

Q: What factors influence the production and appreciation of art? Do artists work in a cultural vacuum of pure personal self-expression? What role does society play?

Q: What role do the arts play as collective expressions of cultural identities? Is art conservative or liberal? Does art promote change or inhibit it?

Q: This chapter's "Appreciating Anthropology" unit shows that techniques that anthropologists have used to analyze myth and folktales can be extended to two popular American fantasy films, The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars. In 2009, U.S. American movie director James Cameron, a fan of The Wizard of Oz, released the long-awaited Avatar. If you have seen the movie, compare its structure and symbolic elements in a way similar to that of how The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars have been analyzed in the text. If you have not seen Avatar, explain the connection between The Wizard of Oz and Star Wars.