Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Social Science
Q:
The following statement regarding the Scientific Method is false:
a. Science is a reiterative method that begins and ends with facts that lead to a new cycle of investigation.
b. Science is infallible and will always deliver the right answer on the first try.
c. Science is self-correcting and allows for backtracking and rethinking things that others thought were over and done with.
d. Science does not prove a hypothesis, only suggests plausibility.
Q:
Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States, is considered the first scientific archaeologist in America based on his work involving his:
a. Writing of the Declaration of Independence.
b. Notes on the State of Virginia which dealt in part with the aborigines of Virginia, their origin, and the question of the mounds.
c. Excavation of Jamestown, Virginia.
d. Advancement of horticulture in the New World.
Q:
The following statement is true about Postprocessual archaeology:
a. Explanations are explicitly scientific and objective.
b. Attempts to remain ethically neutral; claims to be explicitly nonpolitical.
c. Less enthusiastic about scientific methods and denies possibility of objectivity.
d. Views culture from a systemic perspective and defines culture as adaptation.
Q:
The following is a false statement regarding paradigms in anthropology:
a. There are two basic paradigms in modern archaeology- the Processual and Postprocessual paradigm.
b. Paradigms are a lot like culture- both are learned, shared and symbolic.
c. Archaeologists today fall neatly into one paradigm category and have very different ways of thinking.
d. All archaeologists operate within a paradigm, whether they are aware of it or not.
Q:
The level of theory that includes the observations and interpretations that emerge from hands-on archaeological field and lab work is called:
a. Low-level theory.
b. Middle-level theory.
c. High-level theory.
d. None of the above.
Q:
The text argues that which of the following perspectives is the most useful for archaeology?
a. A scientific perspective.
b. A humanistic perspective.
c. A combination of the two.
d. None of the Above.
Q:
The primary distinction between humanistic and scientific approaches within archaeology revolves around the issue of:
a. Absolute truth.
b. Ethical concerns.
c. Objectivity.
d. The definition of culture.
Q:
Middle- level theory in archaeology:
a. Is a logical ordering of cultures through time, based on analysis and classification of artifact types.
b. Links a modern culture to an ancient one.
c. Is a logical statement linking observations on the static archaeological record to the dynamic behavior or natural processes that produced it.
d. Links the concept of culture to artifact types.
Q:
The difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is:
a. Deductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses, while inductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to account for specific observational or experimental results.
b. Deductive reasoning involves reasoning from theory to predict specific observational or experimental results, while inductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses.
c. Deductive reasoning is scientific and logical, while inductive reasoning is based on faith.
d. There is no difference between the two; they are alternate names for the same kind of reasoning.
Q:
Explaining the Kwakwak"awakw potlatch ceremony by the fact that it served useful economic purposes is an example of:
a. An ideational perspective of human behavior.
b. An adaptive perspective of human behavior.
c. Poorly conducted scientific research; the purpose of the ceremony was really obtaining prestige.
d. How the objectivity of scientists can be undermined by the culture in which they live.
Q:
Multiple working hypotheses result when:
a. Several hypotheses potentially explain the same data.
b. Scientists have no sound hypothesis to test, but end up testing several equally unlikely explanations in order to keep their research moving forward.
c. The simplest hypothesis cannot be falsified.
d. Scientists cannot produce replicable results with the most likely hypothesis.
Q:
Which of the following is not a step in the scientific method?
a. Define a relevant research problem.
b. Generate one or more hypotheses.
c. Test the hypothesis or hypotheses with relevant data.
d. Prove the hypothesis or hypotheses true.
Q:
Why was it so difficult for Europeans during the early 19th century to accept the fact that Native Americans had built the mounds?
a. Believing that a superior race had built the mounds fit nicely into the social and political context of the times, helping to justify colonialism.
b. Archaeological and historical evidence to suggest that Native Americans had built the mounds was completely lacking.
c. It was a conscious effort on the part of racist archaeologists to steal Native American land; everyone really knew that the Native Americans had built the mounds.
d. Westward expansion had not yet begun; European colonists were therefore unfamiliar with how similar the mounds really were to the mounds actively being constructed by living Native Americans.
Q:
Squier and Davis contributed to investigations of the Moundbuilders by:
a. Intensively and systematically surveying and recording roughly 200 mound sites.
b. Being among the first to argue that the Native Americans had indeed built the mounds.
c. Remaining objective, avoiding speculations, and ultimately arriving at the truth.
d. All of the above.
Q:
Cyrus Thomas contributed to dispelling the Myth of the Moundbuilders by:
a. Supporting Squier's and Davis's conclusions.
b. Scientifically evaluating previous claims and concluding that the Native Americans had indeed built the mounds.
c. Demonstrating once and for all through the testing of multiple hypotheses that the Native Americans had not built the mounds.
d. Both A and B.
Q:
The first scientific archaeologist in America who attempted to determine the identity of the Moundbuilders by actually excavating a mound was:
a. Ephraim Squier.
b. Thomas Jefferson.
c. Cyrus Thomas.
d. John Wesley Powell.
Q:
The Moundbuilder Myth provides an example of:
a. How the social, cultural, and political context of archaeology can influence its theories.
b. The infallibility of science.
c. How more civilized cultures (the Moundbuilders) can be destroyed by less civilized cultures (the Native Americans).
d. How pseudoarchaeology can be useful to professional archaeologists.
Q:
The scientific method provides a powerful way to investigate the world around us because:
a. Unlike other more subjective methods, science can guarantee absolute truth.
b. Almost all researchers accept the infallibility of science, making research across different disciplines compatible.
c. Science is self-correcting; as more facts about the world become known, science is willing to reject flawed explanations in favor of better ones.
d. All of the above.
Q:
Which of the following is not true of science?
a. It is empirical.
b. It is systematic and explicit.
c. It always provides the right answer to a question.
d. It is self-critical, always trying to prove itself wrong.
Q:
The potlatch:
a. Was a ceremony among 19th century Northwest Coast Native Americans.
b. Involved the giving away or destruction of property in order to acquire prestige.
c. Like many cultural behaviors, is best explained through both ideational and adaptive perspectives.
d. All of the above.
Q:
The symbolic nature of culture:
a. Facilitates cross-cultural communication, because all cultures use the same (or very similar) symbols to mean the same things.
b. Can create considerable misunderstanding between people from different cultures.
c. Is now known to be not as significant as anthropologists once believed.
d. Is easily discernable from the archaeological record.
Q:
One of the ways in which anthropologists study culture is through an ideational perspective. An ideational perspective:
a. Focuses on ideas, symbols, and mental structures as driving forces in shaping human behavior.
b. Emphasizes technology, ecology, demography, and economics as driving forces in shaping human behavior.
c. Argues that while human behavior is definitely shaped by ideas, symbols, and mental structures, it is equally shaped by technology, ecology, demography, and economics.
d. Argues that the forces shaping human behavior are largely unknowable; therefore any perspective is just as good as another.
Q:
Which of the following is not true of a person's culture?
a. It is learned.
b. It is shared.
c. It is symbolic.
d. It is biologically controlled.
Q:
Culture is:
a. An integrated system of beliefs, traditions, and customs that govern or influence a person's behavior.
b. An outdated anthropological concept that has been rejected by the majority of cultural anthropologists today.
c. Biologically controlled behavior, rather than learned behavior.
d. The study of humankind.
Q:
Archaeology can best be defined as:
a. The study of humans in all times and places.
b. The study of the biological aspect of humans.
c. The study of the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains.
d. The study of past and present human cultures through written records and oral history.
Q:
Participant observation is:
a. An archaeological teaching strategy where students are introduced to excavation techniques by participating in real archaeological digs.
b. A research strategy employed by linguistic anthropologists to help revive dying languages.
c. The primary strategy of cultural anthropologists in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society.
d. A research strategy mostly employed by biological anthropologists while studying human biological variation.
Q:
A specialist from which of the four subfields of anthropology would be most likely to study ritual and kinship among people in contemporary societies?
a. Archaeology.
b. Cultural anthropology.
c. Linguistic anthropology.
d. Biological anthropology.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the main subfields of anthropology?
a. Biological anthropology.
b. Archaeology.
c. Cultural anthropology.
d. Bioarchaeology.
Q:
Anthropology is:
a. The study of past human behavior.
b. The study of all aspects of humankind.
c. The study of humans as biological organisms.
d. The study of humans as cultural organisms.
Q:
Many disciplines are involved in the study of humanity. What makes anthropology unique from other disciplines that study humans?
a. Anthropology argues that the best understanding of the human condition comes from a global, comparative, and holistic perspective.
b. Anthropology examines only one aspect of the human condition, but does so in great detail.
c. Anthropology examines the social and cultural aspects of humanity, but leaves the biological aspect of humans to other disciplines.
d. Anthropology focuses only on exotic peoples and cultures, while other disciplines are more apt to study American or European society.
Q:
Today, there are fewer women and minorities involved in the profession of archaeology than ever before.
Q:
Most archeologists are employed by federal agencies and private "cultural resource management" firms.
Q:
Archaeology enjoys enormous public interest that suggests more archaeology will be needed in the future.
Q:
Today, historical archaeology is a means of discovering predictable relationships between human adaptive strategies, ideology, and patterned variability in the archaeological record.
Q:
Culture history is the most frequently practiced kind of archaeology today, especially in America.
Q:
A midden is a refuse deposit resulting from human activities, generally consisting of sediment.
Q:
Classical archaeology is concerned primarily with the "classical" civilizations of the Mediterranean, such as Greece and Rome, and the Near East.
Q:
A. V. Kidder argued against the interdisciplinary involvement of specialists in archaeological research because they lacked the necessary anthropological training.
Q:
Lewis R. Binford is a firm supporter of the concept that the goal of archaeology is to "dig up the past" and discover as much of the past as possible.
Q:
An antiquarian is a person concerned more with the people of the past than with the objects of the past.
Q:
An artifact is any movable object that has been used, modified, or manufactured by humans.
Q:
New World archaeology is rarely if ever involved in ethical dilemmas, in large part because it deals with the material remains of past cultures that have no living descendants.
Q:
Based on the level of public support,
a. more archaeology will be needed in the future.
b. less archaeology will be needed in the future.
c. archaeology has no future
d. archaeology will increasingly be a pastime of wealthy.
Q:
Lewis Binford is responsible for establishing a concern for methods in reconstructing the past. This became known as
a. Culture history
b. Stratification
c. New Archaeology
d. Archaeology
Q:
Documenting how material culture changed over time and space is referred to as
a. Evolution
b. Stratigraphy
c. Culture history
d. Sedimentation
Q:
Stratigraphy is a term that applies to
a. Decades of archaeological research
b. Techniques used by indigenous African peoples to create a structure
c. A site's physical structure produced by deposition and sediments
d. Manufacture of pottery and implements
Q:
Alfred Kidder is important to archaeology because
a. He discounted aerial reconnaissance as a means to discover new ruins
b. He amassed a staff of untrained citizens to conduct archaeological investigations
c. He maintained that an archaeologist was a moldy variety of anthropologist
d. He found little support to suggest that Pecos Pueblo was viable for more than one century.
Q:
The year 1859 is important to archaeology because
a. Charles Lyell published the book The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man.
b. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species.
c. Classical Archaeology began as a field of archaeology.
d. Hugh Falconer visited Abbeville to examine disputed evidence from French gravel pits.
Q:
As investigators came to recognize considerable continuities between the unknown prehistoric past and the native American population of the historic period
a. Scholars saw that living Native Americans were relevant to the interpretation of archaeological remains.
b. The differences between European and American archaeology disappeared.
c. Speculation arose that Native Americans were one of the Lost Tribes of Israel.
d. The study of American Indians was no longer an important domain in Western scholarship.
Q:
Archaeology is about ancient objects, referred to as
a. Stratigraphy
b. Middens
c. Potsherds
d. Artifacts
Q:
Midden is a term that refers to
a. Charcoal, bones of animals and stone implements in an archaeological context
b. Trash heaps created by people
c. Fragments of pottery
d. A site's physical structure
Q:
In 1572 Matthew Parker, Queen Elizabeth's archbishop of Canterbury, formed the Society of Antiquaries, devoted to the study of Anglo-Saxon law and writings. The Society of Antiquaries used ancient documents to demonstrate that William the Conqueror did not actually create English Common Law. King James ordered the dissolution of the Society in 1614. These events best exemplify
a. "Restoring the dead to life" remains a fair definition of the everyday business of archaeology.
b. The overall goal of British antiquarianism was to map, record, and preserve national treasures
c. The study of the past is often controversial.
d. The history of archaeology reflects a changing relationship to ancient objects.
Q:
Archaeologists are often involved with the general public because:
a. Archaeology is of tremendous public interest; the public wants to know about the past.
b. Archaeology depends on public support for its livelihood, and so consequently it owes something back to the public.
c. Both A and B.
d. None of the above; archaeologists avoid the public because the public might loot their sites.
Q:
Kathleen A. Deagan provides an example of the "coming of age" of archaeology because:
a. She is actively involved in bringing archaeology to the public.
b. She is concerned with explaining social and cultural behaviors that she reconstructs from artifacts.
c. Her research has helped establish historical archaeology as an anthropologically relevant specialty of archaeology.
d. All of the above.
Q:
Gertrude Caton-Thompson made significant contributions to archaeology because:
a. She felt that archaeologists should focus their research on the artifacts found in tombs and temples, and spent her entire career devoted to their study.
b. She felt that much could be learned by studying settlements and was the first archaeologist to excavate a village site in Egypt.
c. She believed that archaeologists were responsible for protecting themselves in the field and slept with a revolver beside her pillow.
d. None of the above.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of the state of archaeology in the twenty-first century?
a. The "New Archaeology" of the 1960s has for the most part been uncritically accepted by nearly all archaeologists, and currently dominates archaeological thought.
b. Archaeology is today very diverse, representing many different theoretical perspectives; there is no single, defining, dominating trend.
c. Whatever public interest and involvement that archaeology once experienced has dramatically diminished; archaeology as a discipline is at the risk of extinction.
d. Archaeology today, as it was throughout the entire history of archaeology, is heavily dominated by white males, with virtually no involvement by woman and other minorities.
Q:
The "New Archaeology" of the 1960s:
a. Insisted on the contribution of archaeology to general anthropological theory.
b. Advocated the importance of scientific methods.
c. Argued that archaeologists should always work from representative samples.
d. All of the above.
Q:
The "New Archaeology" of the 1960s:
a. Was actually not new at all; it marked a continuation of the same way archaeology had been practiced for many decades, and provides only an arbitrary temporal division in the history of archaeology.
b. Was an approach that emphasized the understanding of underlying cultural processes and the use of the scientific method.
c. Is sometimes called processual archaeology today.
d. Both B and C
Q:
The person most responsible for the development and popularization of the "New Archaeology" in the 1960s was:
a. Walter W. Taylor.
b. Lewis R. Binford.
c. H. Marie Wormington.
d. Kathleen A. Deagan.
Q:
Culture history is:
a. The kind of archaeology practiced during Renaissance times, primarily focused on the reconstruction of classical civilizations.
b. A breakthrough in archaeological thought that rejected simple descriptions of cultural development through time for more comprehensive interpretations of past lifeways.
c. The kind of archaeology practiced during the early to mid-20th century, in which changes in artifact frequencies through time were explained by diffusion of ideas or migration of people.
d. The kind of archaeology most frequently practiced today by Americanist archaeologists.
Q:
H. Marie Wormington is an important character in the development of Americanist archaeology during the first half of the 20th century because:
a. She illustrates how difficult it was for a woman to break into the male-dominated field of Americanist archaeology at that time; although well-qualified to conduct archaeological research, she was never given the opportunity.
b. She is an example of a female pioneer in Americanist archaeology, and her contributions are still considered important today.
c. She shows that although women were interested in archaeology during this time, they simply weren"t yet ready to participate in archaeological research; Wormington's research was irrelevant and scientifically unsound.
d. She illustrates that although women were not yet permitted to conduct archaeological research during this time, they were still important in the field during excavations as camp cooks and logistical organizers.
Q:
The contribution of women to the development of archaeology is best summed up by which statement?
a. Women contributed nothing; it wasn"t until the 1960s during the fight for civil rights that any women were accepted into the archaeological community and allowed to conduct archaeological research.
b. Women contributed very little; archaeological research was completely dominated by men throughout the development of archaeology, and is still heavily dominated by men today.
c. Although women did contribute to the development of archaeology, their contributions are less well-known than those of men because they were excluded from traditional communication networks.
d. Throughout the development of archaeology, the contributions of men and women have been roughly equal, and these contributions are equally as well known today; this is a testament to the early development of women's rights in America.
Q:
Jens Jacob Asmussen Worssae was considered to be:
a. An historian who studied Anglo-Saxon law and writings.
b. An antiquarian who was interested in collecting objects rather than learning about them.
c. The first professional archaeologist.
d. The originator of the new archaeology movement of the 1960's.
Q:
The teamwork approach used by A.V. Kidder at Chichen Itza is termed:
a. Pan-Scientific.
b. Processual archaeology.
c. Culture history.
d. New archaeology.
Q:
A. V. Kidder (1886-1963) demonstrated that potsherds are archaeologically important because they can provide evidence of:
a. Cultural relationships among various prehistoric groups.
b. The types of food contained in the original clay storage vessel.
c. Prehistoric ceramic manufacturing technology.
d. Potsherds are of no archaeological importance; they are simply broken pieces of pottery.
Q:
"Stratigraphy" is:
a. The study of a site's artifact assemblage.
b. The thorough and detailed documentation of archaeological excavations.
c. The procedure by which archaeological sites are professionally mapped.
d. A site's physical structure produced by the deposition of geological and/or cultural sediments into layers.
Q:
A "midden" is:
a. Any kind of artifact that has been discarded by prehistoric populations.
b. A refuse deposit resulting from human activities.
c. Any kind of historic artifact.
d. A specific kind of storage structure used by prehistoric populations.
Q:
Classical archaeology is:
a. The branch of archaeology that studies the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, such as Greece and Rome, and the Near East.
b. Archaeology as it was practiced in classical times in places such as Greece and Rome and the Near East.
c. That period in the history of American archaeology in which antiquarianism dominated the goals of archaeology.
d. That period in the history of American archaeology in which Lewis Binford and his students dominated archaeological method and theory.
Q:
Speculation as to the origin of the first people in the New World included:
a. That Native Americans were one of the Lost Tribes of Israel.
b. That Indians came from Atlantis.
c. That they were voyaging Egyptians, Vikings, Chinese, or Phoenicians.
d. All of the above.
Q:
The concept of "deep time" refers to the following:
a. That the oldest artifacts are found in the deepest parts of a site.
b. The recognition that life is ancient and evolved over time.
c. Life on earth cannot be measured in thousands of years.
d. Both B and C
Q:
The year AD 1859 was an important year in the history of human thought because it was the year that:
a. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species.
b. The scientific community declared support for the remote antiquity of humankind.
c. Both A and B.
d. None of the above.
Q:
Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) was responsible for which of the following?
a. Establishing the antiquity of man by recognizing ancient handaxes associated with extinct mammal bones.
b. Promoting the concept of organic evolution at a time when most scholars rejected evolutionary thought.
c. Conducting intensive excavations aimed at resolving the question of human antiquity.
d. Calculating the age of the earth based on biblical genealogy, and concluding that Creation occurred on October 22, 4004 BC.
Q:
Which of the following dates is the youngest?
a. AD 1066
b. 1066 BC
c. 1066 BCE
d. 1066 BP
Q:
Charles Lyell's 1865 book The Geologic Evidences for the Antiquity of Man was important because it:
a. documented the fact that humans had lived with now extinct animals in the distant past.
b. provided evidence that humans had been on the earth for a far shorter time than other scholars of the time suggested.
c. argued for an extremely young age of the earth (not more than 6000 years old).
d. finally showed that the "ancient ax heads" discovered in river gravels were nothing more than naturally fractured river cobbles.
Q:
The following contributed to the support and discovery of deep time:
a. Charles Darwin publishes his influential book On the Origin of Species.
b. James Ussher concludes that Creation began at sunset on Saturday, October 22, 4004 BC.
c. Jacques Bocher de Crevecoeur de Perthes found ancient axe heads in the gravels of the Somme River.
d. A and C
Q:
Giovanni Battista Belzoni stood apart from other antiquarians of his time due to the fact that:
a. he took notes and made illustrations and observations of the places he visited.
b. he recovered numerous statues, mummies and carvings.
c. he removed another country's cultural heritage from its homeland.
d. his methods were destructive enough to make archaeologists today cringe.
Q:
An "antiquarian" is someone who is interested in:
a. reconstructing the lifeways of commoners in classical ancient civilizations such as Greece and Rome.
b. detailed documentation of the context in which prehistoric artifacts are found.
c. ancient objects strictly for their artistic value, rather than for the information they provide about the people or culture that produced them.
d. everything that artifacts can tell us about the past.
Q:
Today, most archaeologists feel more comfortable using the following abbreviation when providing a date:
a. BC
b. BP
c. AD
d. BCE
Q:
The abbreviation "AD" referring to age in an archaeological or historic context means:
a. in the year of the lord.
b. after death.
c. approximate death.
d. nothing; there is no literal translation.
Q:
Petrarch is considered perhaps the most influential individual of the early Renaissance becausehe:
a. traveled extensively to exotic lands and conducted meticulous excavations, increasing public interest in the past.
b. considered the remote past an ideal of perfection, and argued that moral philosophy could be found within ancient classical civilizations.
c. argued that the concept of God had become increasingly irrelevant to explanations of the natural world.
d. discovered ancient Paleolithic handaxes in association with extinct mammal skeletons, thereby establishing the antiquity of humanity.