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Q:
It is essential that archaeologists take abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes during excavations because:
a. archaeology destroys data as it is gathered; once a site is excavated it cannot be re-excavated.
b. federal legislation mandates abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes.
c. archaeology students generally learn field techniques from these notes.
d. none of the above; it is not essential because archaeologists can always go back and reconstruct the excavation later.
Q:
An artifact's provenience is:
a. the geologic source of the raw material from which the artifact was manufactured.
b. the artifact's location relative to a system of spatial data collection.
c. the facility where the artifact is currently stored.
d. how the artifact was used in the prehistoric past.
Q:
While GIS has some practical archaeological applications, it is rarely used in archaeology today because it is costly and requires specialized training.
Q:
Remote sensing techniques will probably completely replace archaeological excavation in the near future.
Q:
GIS (geographic information systems) allows archaeologists to quickly answer many spatial questions whose answers would otherwise be too time-consuming to calculate.
Q:
Today's archaeology student should have at least some knowledge of GIS (geographic information systems).
Q:
Soil resistivity works by measuring the amount of resistance radar waves encounter as they move below the ground.
Q:
TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanning) is only useful when conducted at extremely high altitudes on cloudless days.
Q:
Experimental studies have shown that while survey sampling does accurately characterize a region's archaeology, survey sampling is not good at finding rare or spectacular sites.
Q:
Non-site archaeology focuses on patterns of artifacts from within a single site, rather than on regional patterns.
Q:
Even if an effective sampling strategy has been implemented, the quality of an archaeological survey can still be affected by factors like uncomfortable working conditions or terrain.
Q:
Areas with lots of variability in archaeological remains require smaller sample fractions than do areas of low variability.
Q:
An archaeologist's research question is a major factor in determining the size and shape of a survey area.
Q:
"UTM" stands for "Universal Transverse Mercator", a grid system where north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world.
Q:
Surface sites encountered on archaeological survey are generally not recorded because they lack the contextual relationships necessary to establish solid chronologies.
Q:
The main goal of archaeological survey is to discover good places to excavate.
Q:
Archaeological sites are generally named after the archaeologists who discovered them.
Q:
Many important archaeological sites have been found by ranchers, cowboys, farmers, sheepherders, and amateur archaeologists.
Q:
As a result of Kantner's work at Chaco Canyon, it was determined that
a. Small stone shrines do not occur.
b. People did not use predicted footpaths on a regular basis.
c. Large circular stone shires were almost always found with the roads, not the predicted pathways.
d. Roads did not serve simply as part of the Chacoan economy.
Q:
In landscape archeology, the term "landscape" means
a. Topographic features.
b. Material manifestations of the relation between humans and their environments.
c. Plant remains.
d. Geological formations.
Q:
Georeferenced means
a. Data is input to a GIS database using a common mapping reference.
b. Data is mapped by hand using topographic maps.
c. Data is mapped in relationship to geological features.
d. Data is scanned using ground penetrating radar (GPR).
Q:
Global Positioning Systems operate
a. By picking up continuously broadcast signals from at least four satellites.
b. Inadequately and therefore are not accurate for archaeological work.
c. Too expensively to aid most attempts at archeological inquiry.
d. By relying upon electric monitoring stations.
Q:
A stratified random sample is
a. A survey universe divided into several sub-universes.
b. A survey universe that is not divided into sub-universes.
c. A survey universe that cannot be given a Smithsonian number.
d. An ineffective way to gather and record information about sites.
Q:
When we say statistical population we mean
a. A range of archaeological material across a landscape.
b. A set of counts, measurements, or characteristics about which relevant inquiries are to be made.
c. The region that will be sampled.
d. The demographic count of a site.
Q:
Mano is a term that refers to
a. A fist-sized round, flat, handheld stone used for grinding foods.
b. A large, flat stone used as a stationary surface upon which seeds, tuber, and nuts are ground.
c. A settlement where there is evidence of hunting.
d. A settlement where there is evidence of gathering.
Q:
The distribution of sites across a region is called
a. Settlement system
b. Settle1ment pattern
c. Settlement movement
d. Seasonal round
Q:
In order to understand the past, we need to examine the range of places where ancient peoples lived. Hunter-gathers' pattern of movement on the landscape is referred to as
a. Ecological adaptation
b. Seasonal round
c. Map triangles
d. Archeological round
Q:
What limits surface surveys?
a. Survey cannot reveal rare sites.
b. Survey cannot replace excavation.
c. Survey can only find what lies on the ground.
d. Survey cannot be used in association with GIS.
Q:
Archaeologists conduct surveys because
a. One site can reveal everything about an ancient society.
b. Archeologists do not trust other archaeologists.
c. No single site reveals everything about an ancient society.
d. Funding permits conducting surveys.
Q:
The result of only looking in "logical" places in a survey is that
a. We will not bias the sample.
b. We will not bias the reconstruction of the past.
c. We will bias the sample.
d. We will not be conducting archaeology.
Q:
The story of the search for the Mission Santa Catalina illustrates:
a. The utility of proton precession magnetometry for finding buried structures.
b. That soil resistivity survey, while sometimes useful, is extremely problematic as it is affected by soil wetness.
c. That ground-penetrating radar was not useful due to the shallowly-buried bedrock on St. Catherines Island.
d. How a not-for-profit group does not sponsor a comprehensive program of research and conservation.
Q:
A proton precession magnetometer is useful for identifying subsurface magnetic anomalies. Such magnetic anomalies can indicate all of the following except:
a. The presence of subsurface artifacts.
b. Archaeologically irrelevant magnetic "noise".
c. Burned structures.
d. Ancient hunter seasonal rounds
Q:
TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) can locate subsurface structures by:
a. Using radar beams; hard buried surfaces reflect more energy than softer surfaces.
b. Tracking how subsurface structures affect surface thermal radiation.
c. Measuring magnetic anomalies caused by burned subsurface structures.
d. Monitoring the electrical resistance of soils near buried structures.
Q:
You are surveying in the Near East for archaeological sites, and come upon several artifacts on the ground surface. Historical documents suggest there was once a temple in this area. You think you have found the site. Because of the sacred nature of the site, you decide to excavate the least amount possible and thus want to know where the temple lies before getting out the shovels. How might you map the site without excavating it?
a. Use ground penetrating radar to detect the walls.
b. Use aerial photography to detect the outline.
c. Use random sampling to excavate a series of test pits across the site.
d. Use A or B depending on their potential utility in this specific case.
Q:
Which of the following is not used as non-invasive, below ground archaeological survey techniques?
a. Aerial photography.
b. Proton magnetometer.
c. Ground penetrating radar.
d. Excavation.
Q:
Which of the following is true about the ancient Chacoan road system?
a. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown the roads to be much less extensive than initially believed.
b. Although once thought to be an extensive network of roads, aerial photography has shown that they were not roads, but were in fact part of a vast canal system.
c. It was an elaborate and extensive network of roads, covering more than 250,000 square kilometers within New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Utah.
d. We now know that they were built strictly for economic purposes, to move goods to markets in Chaco Canyon.
Q:
Which of the following techniques was used by NASA in the 1980s to help identify the vast network of Chacoan roads in the southwestern United States?
a. Ground penetrating radar.
b. Soil resistivity.
c. Thermal infrared multispectral scanning (TIMS).
d. Aerial photography
Q:
The usefulness of aerial photography for archaeology:
a. Was not recognized until the 1960s, during the development of the "New Archaeology".
b. Is limited to times of cloud cover or haze.
c. Is limited to photographs taken at very high elevations, since this is where resolution is greatest.
d. Lies in the fact that aerial photographs can show features that are too indistinct or too large to discern from the ground.
Q:
Remote sensing is:
a. The use of methods that employ some form of electromagnetic energy to detect and measure characteristics of an archaeological site.
b. Any technique that is capable of subsurface exploration with little to no disturbance.
c. A technique that involves aerial photography and/or the use of color infrared film.
d. Any technique that measures geophysical features on the scale of hundreds to thousands of meters.
Q:
Archaeological shovel-testing is:
a. A destructive survey technique that archaeologists no longer use.
b. An important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by soil buildup.
c. An important method of identifying sites in areas characterized by deflation.
d. Only necessary in agricultural regions where archaeologists must survey plow-zones.
Q:
Non-site archaeology is:
a. Analysis of archaeological patterns on a regional scale, rather than of patterns within a single site
b. Analysis of small-scale patterns of artifact distribution, such as those from a single site.
c. The most common type of archaeology practiced today; archaeologists have largely abandoned the concept of a "site".
d. Useful when dealing with fairly small areas, but becomes impractical on the scale of kilometers.
Q:
Archaeological sites are defined on the ground by:
a. A set of objective procedures used by all archaeologists to ensure standardization across the discipline.
b. Often subjective interpretations of artifact density.
c. Determining the boundaries of the discrete behavioral entities represented by the site.
d. The entire survey unit.
Q:
Deflation is:
a. A cultural process whereby one population's technology becomes adopted by another population in a different geographic region.
b. A geologic process whereby fine sediment is blown away by the wind and larger items are lowered onto a common surface.
c. An archaeological phenomenon in which excavations produce fewer and fewer artifacts with increasing depth.
d. A geologic process that results in rapid and complete burial of material remains.
Q:
The quality of information collected through survey cannot be directly affected by the:
a. Sampling strategy.
b. Working conditions.
c. Transect interval.
d. Age of archaeologist
Q:
The Chaco experiment, conducted by Judge, Hitchcock, and Ebert, showed that survey samples:
a. Are very good at recording the general character of a region.
b. Are not very good at finding the unique or rare sites of a region.
c. Both A and B.
d. Are very good at finding both the sites that represent the general character of a region, as well as the unique or rare sites.
Q:
A UTM grid is not:
a. A grid that divides the world into 1x1 meter squares.
b. The same things as a Universal Tranverse Mercator grid.
c. Very useful for archaeological survey.
d. Without a means to designate north and east coordinates.
Q:
Once archaeologists decide on their survey sample universe, they must then decide on the sample fraction. The sample fraction is:
a. The percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed.
b. Survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research questions and practical considerations.
c. The region that contains the statistical population and that will be sampled.
d. A survey universe that has been divided into several sub-universes.
Q:
In the Smithsonian site number 26CH798, the number "26" stands for:
a. The number of the county (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located.
b. The number of the state (arranged alphabetically) in which the site is located.
c. The site's sequential number within the county in which it is located (in other words, it was the 26th site recorded in the county).
d. The type of site it is (e.g., a lithic scatter, ceramic scatter, pueblo, etc.)
Q:
What did Thomas and Kelly learn from the Carson-Stillwater survey?
a. The hypothesis that wetlands had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system could not be rejected.
b. The hypothesis that the wetland was only one stop on a seasonal round that included the pinon forests could not be rejected.
c. Neither hypothesis was able to provide an adequate reconstruction of prehistoric Carson Desert and Stillwater Mountain settlement systems; both were therefore rejected.
d. Neither hypothesis could be rejected, thus showing that their sampling design was inherently flawed.
Q:
If the hypothesis that the wetlands of the Carson desert had been the focus of a sedentary settlement system was correct, then Thomas and Kelly should have found:
a. Small, sparse settlements in the wetlands, and more intensive resource utilization of surrounding areas.
b. Dense scatters of waste flakes and broken tools, or other remains of villages occupied for years at a time, in the wetlands.
c. Mostly projectile points in the wetlands, with little or no accompanying waste flakes.
d. Abundant manos and metates in the pinon-juniper forests.
Q:
Which of the following is not basic to the reasons why archaeologists conduct random sampling?
a. Without random sampling the samples would be biased, with certain parts of the sample over- or under-represented, and therefore the final results would be biased.
b. Random sampling provides the only way for archaeologists to collect meaningful negative evidence.
c. Random sampling allows statistical analysis.
d. Each site does not have an equal chance of being included in the sample.
Q:
Which of the following items would not be useful to an archaeologist on survey?
a. Graph paper.
b. A compass.
c. A tape measure in centimeters.
d. flashlight
Q:
If an archaeologist excavates one archaeological site, and makes generalizations about the prehistoric society as a whole from what he or she finds at that one site, then the generalizations will most likely be:
a. Applicable to the society as a whole as long as the excavated site was a "typical" site.
b. Applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of hunter-gatherers rather than agriculturalists.
c. Applicable to the society as a whole as long as the society consisted of agriculturalists rather than hunter-gatherers.
d. Biased, representing only part of the range of activities that the society was involved in.
Q:
A settlement pattern is:
a. The distribution of archaeological sites across a region.
b. The movements and activities of a prehistoric population, inferred from the distribution of archaeological sites across a region.
c. The same thing as a seasonal round.
d. The pattern of artifacts within an archaeological site that results from the settlement of a prehistoric population at that site.
Q:
Archaeologists employ systematic regional surveys mainly to:
a. Discover good places to excavate.
b. Arrive at accurate descriptions of the range of archaeological material across a landscape.
c. Verify that extensive geographic regions were unoccupied prehistorically.
d. Maintain their funding from academic institutions.
Q:
"Gumshoe survey" is a good way to:
a. Find rare or spectacular sites.
b. Find common sites such as small lithic or potsherd scatters.
c. Provide the context necessary for interpreting rare or spectacular sites.
d. Obtain a 100% reconnaissance of a particular region.
Q:
The discovery of Gatecliff Shelter in Nevada was in part a result of:
a. Old-fashioned "gumshoe survey".
b. The detailed knowledge of the landscape that many of the crew members possessed.
c. The fact that the shelter was a local attraction, well-known by the people of Austin.
d. Oral traditions that had passed down through the generations.
Q:
An archaeological site is:
a. Any place where material evidence about the human past exists in a buried context.
b. Any place where artifacts exist alongside more substantial archaeological remains, such as structures.
c. Any place where a concentration of material evidence exists about the human past.
d. Any place where material evidence about the human past has been discovered by systematic archaeological survey.
Q:
The postprocessual approach emphasizes symbolic meanings, power relationships, individual actions, and gender.
Q:
The processual approach takes a scientific approach and focuses on material factors of life.
Q:
Scientific and humanistic approaches within archaeology can be compatible, each emphasizing different goals of archaeological research.
Q:
A humanistic approach in archaeology tends to reject a search for universals in favor of emphasizing the dignity and worth of the individual and the individual's lived experience.
Q:
It was Squier and Davis, through their intensive and thorough survey and documentation of the mounds, who eventually concluded that the ancestors of modern Native Americans had indeed built the mounds.
Q:
Deductive reasoning involves working from specific observations to more general hypotheses.
Q:
In order for a hypothesis to be scientific, it has to be testable and falsifiable.
Q:
Science is the best way to examine the material world because it is always objective, and therefore cannot be influenced by the social or political climate of the times.
Q:
The potlatch ceremony among 19th century Northwest Coast Native Americans involved the giving away or destruction of property in order to acquire prestige.
Q:
Anthropologists who argue that an adaptive perspective is the best way to study culture would argue that the driving forces shaping human behavior are ideas, symbols, and mental structures.
Q:
Three important characteristics of culture are that it is learned, shared, and based on the ability to use symbols.
Q:
The study of human biological evolution would most likely be the specialty of a cultural anthropologist.
Q:
Few archaeologists can do every step in the process of archaeological inquiry. Which of the following is not an acceptable result of specialization?
a. Some archaeologists emphasize middle-level theory, doing experimental or ethnoarchaeological research.
b. Some concentrate on the pubic side, presenting research to a broader audience.
c. Some work with theory or critique of paradigms
d. Some ignore the role that he or she plays in the overall process of archaeology.
Q:
Which of the following is untrue about paradigms?
a. Paradigms provide specific guidelines for high- level theory.
b. Paradigms generate more specific claims about a regions' prehistory.
c. Like culture, paradigms provide understandings of the world.
d. Paradigms do not reflect bias.
Q:
The processual paradigm has several key characteristics which does not include;
a. Processual archeology emphasizes evolutionary generalization, not historical specifics.
b. Processual archaeology does not downplay the importance of the individual.
c. Processual archaeology views culture from a systemic perspective.
d. Explanation in processual archaeology is explicitly scientific.
Q:
Low level theory begins with archaeological objects and
a. Generates irrelevant facts or data about those objects and that will not be important to later analyses.
b. Generates relevant facts or data about those objects that will not be important to later analyses.
c. Generates relevant facts or data bout those objects that will be important to later analyses.
d. Does not generate facts or data.
Q:
In science, an idea is testable if
a. The implications of the hypothesis can be measured in some fashion with the same results obtained by different observers.
b. The implications of the hypothesis can be measured with different results obtained by the same observers.
c. The implications of the hypothesis can be measured with the same results obtained by the same observers.
d. The implications of the hypothesis cannot be measured.
Q:
Which of the following is not a key characteristic of the process of science?
a. objective
b. systematic
c. logical
d. not predictive
Q:
Which of the following does not apply to the concept of culture?
a. Culture is learned.
b. Culture is shared.
c. Culture is patriotism.
d. Culture is symbolic.
Q:
The primary strategy of cultural anthropology in which data are gathered by questioning and observing people while the observer lives in their society is called
a. first person observation
b. engaged listening
c. active participation
d. participant observation
Q:
Anthropology embraces four primary fields of study:
a. Biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology
b. Economic, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology
c. Religion, biological, linguistic, and archaeology
d. Biological, cultural, social, and archaeology
Q:
What makes an anthropologist an anthropologist?
a. Studying native people
b. Studying fossils
c. Studying chimpanzees
d. Using a global, comparative and holistic approach