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Q:
African Americans have a higher death rate than European Americans.
Q:
Stress is the leading cause of death in the United States.
Q:
Death rates in the United States from both heart disease and cancer are declining.
Q:
Most people in the United States die of chronic diseases.
Q:
Currently, the leading cause of death in the United States is cancer.
Q:
Health is generally defined as an absence of disease.
Q:
Health psychologists are MOST likely to
a. be part of an interdisciplinary team.
b. work as a practitioner in a solo private practice.
c. go to medical school after finishing a doctoral degree in psychology.
d. do all of these.
Q:
Janelle, a health psychologist, could do any of the following tasks EXCEPT
a. offer alternatives to pharmacological treatments.
b. provide behavioral interventions to treat physical disorders.
c. design effective health communication to promote positive physical health.
d. design drug trials to enable doctors to find a drug to treat breast cancer.
Q:
The work of health psychologists is similar to other psychologists because it includes
a. counseling people with personal problems.
b. conducting research on personality and health habits.
c. assessment, research, and provision of services.
d. working in health care settings.
Q:
Most experts in health psychology recommend that
a. health psychologists should be physicians first.
b. health psychologists should receive at least two years of postdoctoral training.
c. health psychology should be a separate discipline from generic psychology.
d. the training of health psychologists should be shortened to meet the demands for workers in the field.
Q:
During the last quarter of the 20th century, psychology became involved in the changing field of health primarily by
a. treating physical diseases.
b. treating mental diseases.
c. studying behaviors that enhance health and prevent disease.
d. practicing psychosomatic medicine.
Q:
In contrast to the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model views health as
a. a positive condition.
b. an incorporation of psychological and social factors.
c. a result of a combination of factors such as genetics, beliefs, and stress.
d. the absence of disease.
Q:
In the biopsychosocial model proposed by the textbook's authors, health and disease outcomes flow DIRECTLY from
a. psychological factors.
b. biological factors.
c. sociological factors.
d. all of these.
Q:
Health psychology is
a. a branch of medicine related to psychological health.
b. a discipline within psychology related to psychological health.
c. a new name for psychosomatic medicine.
d. a discipline within psychology related to health.
Q:
Health psychology is best defined as the scientific study of those behaviors related to
a. the adoption of the sick role for persons who believe themselves to be ill.
b. health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation.
c. the development of psychosomatic illness.
d. the development of psychological and emotional illness.
Q:
The discipline that emphasizes the prevention of illness and the enhancement of health in currently healthy people is called
a. behavioral health.
b. health psychology.
c. behavioral medicine.
d. medical psychology.
Q:
Behavioral medicine assumes
a. a link between individual behaviors and health.
b. the existence of a specific pathogen in illness.
c. that disease can be controlled, but that health cannot be enhanced.
d. that the goals of medicine and psychology are incompatible.
Q:
Presently, physicians and health psychologists are most likely to agree that psychosomatic illnesses are
a. a primary means of coping with acute pain.
b. all in the head of the person with the illness.
c. diseases linked to a complex of biological, psychological, and social factors.
d. flow from unconscious factors and are a means of reducing anxiety.
Q:
Psychosomatic medicine sees physical illnesses as
a. having emotional and psychological components.
b. having biological causes.
c. causing stress and subsequent organic illnesses.
d. all of these.
Q:
Before 1950, psychologists were involved with physical health primarily in the area of
a. changing lifestyles.
b. changing attitudes.
c. pain management.
d. teaching in medical schools.
Q:
Health psychologists are most likely to see health
a. from a biomedical viewpoint.
b. from a biopsychosocial viewpoint.
c. as the absence of illness.
d. as a single dimensional condition.
Q:
Cade attributes catching a "cold" to not getting enough sleep and feelings of distress. Thus, Cade has an implicit acceptance of the ____ model of health.
a. biochemical
b. biomedical
c. Cartesian
d. biopsychosocial
Q:
Many medical advances during the 19th century were prompted by the biomedical model that
a. emphasized emotional rather than physical factors in diseases.
b. replaced the Cartesian model.
c. led to a search for microscopic organisms that cause disease.
d. took a holistic view of health and disease.
Q:
The biomedical model of disease
a. was common during the 1800s but was replaced by the biopsychosocial model during the early 1900s.
b. views pathogens as the causes of disease.
c. is more common among the public than among health care professionals.
d. cannot explain infectious illness or the prevalence of viral illness.
Q:
Which of the following has been the LEAST significant contributor to escalating medical costs?
a. increases in population
b. the aging of the population
c. more sophisticated medical technology
d. increases in the number of complex surgical procedures
Q:
During the past 30 years, death rate from heart disease in the United States has declined. At the same time,
a. medical costs have increased.
b. smoking rates have increased.
c. life expectancy has decreased.
d. acceptance of the biomedical model has increased.
Q:
Which of these has been a major health trend in the U.S. since 1900?
a. Cost of medical care has risen faster than inflation.
b. Health has been more frequently defined as the absence of illness.
c. Acute illnesses have replaced chronic diseases as the leading causes of death.
d. The biomedical model has been accepted by most psychologists.
Q:
College graduates generally live longer than people who drop out of high school. Which of these conditions is most likely to explain these differences?
a. College graduates are more likely to smoke cigars.
b. High school dropouts are more likely to seek health care.
c. High school dropouts are less likely to use illicit drugs.
d. College graduates are less likely to smoke cigarettes.
Q:
An inverse relationship exists between educational level and death rates, which means that
a. people who graduate from high school have higher death rates than those who do not.
b. people who attend college have higher death rates than those who drop out of high school.
c. people who attend college live longer than those who have never attended college.
d. both a and b
Q:
In Sheldon Cohen's research on the common cold, all participants received a cold virus injection and after a week,
a. all participants showed signs of having a cold.
b. only participants who were sick to begin with got a cold.
c. only health participants got a cold.
d. only participants who had dealt with a stressful experience got a cold.
Q:
Sheldon Cohen's research on the common cold showcase that the ________ approach to understanding sickness and infection is inadequate.
a. biopsychosocial
b. biomedical
c. the psychological
d. biochemical
Q:
The increase in life expectancy since 1900 is due mostly to
a. the decrease in cancer deaths.
b. the conquest of influenza.
c. major changes in lifestyle.
d. none of these.
Q:
In the United States, people living below the poverty level generally
a. have low educational levels.
b. are more likely than other people to have health insurance.
c. are members of ethnic minority groups.
d. both a and c are correct.
Q:
Rhona is a 32-year-old African American college professor. Gena is a 32-year-old Hispanic American engineer. Leah is a 32-year-old European American who has been unemployed for most of the past 10 years and living below the poverty level. Helen is a 32-year-old Asian American dentist. The woman most at risk for poor health is
a. Rhona.
b. Gena.
c. Leah
d. Helen.
Q:
The single most important contributor to an increase in life expectancy is
a. the decrease in the infant mortality rate.
b. the increase in individuals' beliefs in the importance of exercise.
c. advancement in medical technology.
d. advancement in medical care.
Q:
People who graduate from college show the following positive outcomes EXCEPT
a. higher average incomes.
b. more likely to exercise.
c. better access to health care.
d. more likely to eat a high-fat diet.
Q:
What two factors can help explain some of the ethnic differences in health and life expectancy?
a. Poverty and age
b. Poverty and low education level
c. Low education level and age
d. Low education level and drug use
Q:
Cancer is the leading cause of death in which of the following ethnic groups?
a. European Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. African Americans
d. Asian Americans
Q:
In the United States, the three leading causes of death for adults ages 35 to 44 are
a. unintentional injuries, cancer, and heart disease.
b. suicide, homicide, and HIV infection.
c. HIV infection, heart disease, and pneumonia.
d. cancer, HIV infection, and pneumonia.
Q:
In the United States, young people ages 15 to 24 are most likely to die from _______ and _______.
a. cancer. . . . heart disease
b. unintentional injuries . . . . homicide
c. homicide . . . . cancer
d. suicide . . . . HIV infection
Q:
All of the following are factors in life expectancy EXCEPT:
a. age
b. education
c. ethnicity
d. mother's personality
Q:
Cardiovascular disease and cancer account for about _____ of all deaths in the US.
a. 40%
b. 50%
c. 60%
d. 70%
Q:
In the United States, young people have a low mortality rate; those who die are most likely to die from
a. cancer.
b. unintentional injuries.
c. homicide.
d. HIV infection.
Q:
In the United States during the early years of the 21st century,
a. deaths from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases increased.
b. deaths from accidents increased significantly.
c. deaths from heart disease increased significantly.
d. deaths only moderately related to lifestyle decreased significantly.
Q:
The leading cause of death in the United States
a. is due to acute, infectious disease.
b. is due to risky sexual behaviors.
c. has shifted from cardiovascular disease to cancer.
d. has shifted from acute to chronic diseases.
Q:
During the last few years of the 20th century, chronic diseases in the United States
a. began to rise more rapidly than during the previous 50 years.
b. began to decrease while deaths not due to lifestyles began to increase.
c. began to increase while deaths not due to lifestyles began to decrease.
d. were replaced by acute diseases as the leading cause of death.
Q:
In 1900, most deaths in the United States were caused by ____, whereas today most are due to ____.
a. pneumonia. . . cancer
b. chronic diseases. . . cancer
c. infectious diseases. . . chronic diseases
d. cancer. . . alcohol-related causes
Q:
_________ diseases are a class of diseases that consist of heart disease, cancer, and stroke.
a. Infectious
b. Chronic
c. Unintentional
d. Cardiovascular
Q:
Chronic diseases
a. develop and persist over a period of time.
b. are due to infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses.
c. are not as common today as during the 19th century.
d. include influenza and pneumonia.
Q:
A century ago, life expectancy in the US was ______ years and currently life expectancy in the US is ______ years.
a. 20; 60
b. 30; 70
c. 50; 80
d. 50; 70
Q:
People's beliefs about health and illness may be incorrect. Which of these common beliefs is true?
a. The United States ranks in the top five nations in the world in terms of life expectancy.
b. The 30-year increase in life expectancy that occurred in the United States during the 20th century was due mostly to improved medical care.
c. Good health is the absence of disease.
d. None of these is true.
Q:
Despite the high profile, few archaeologists are involved in public education.
Q:
One way or another, virtually all archaeological research depends on public support.
Q:
Archaeologists have an obligation to consider views that differ from their own equally valid; this includes frivolous claims made by individuals such as Erick von Dniken's claims that the Egyptian pyramids were built by aliens.
Q:
The fact that Kodiak Island native community leaders granted permission for archaeological excavations, as well as provided funding and student interns for the project, showed that Alutiiq people do not object to archaeology, but to an archaeology that sees their participation as unnecessary.
Q:
Archaeology can be used to further the political interests of particular groups of people. Nazi archaeologists, for example, argued that agriculture, music and writing systems first appeared in northern Germany and spread throughout the world from there; Hitler used such information to justify the need for Nazi domination of the world.
Q:
Research clearly demonstrates that the Bighorn Medicine Wheel in northern Wyoming was intentionally designed as an astronomical observatory, specifically to mark the summer and winter solstices.
Q:
Archaeologists are playing an increasingly important role in the investigation of human rights abuses; for instance, professional archaeologists have been involved in recovering MIAs in Vietnam, excavating mass graves in South and Central America, and investigating massacre sites in places such as Croatia, El Salvador, and Rwanda.
Q:
Archaeologist Richard Gould (Brown University) developed a volunteer archaeological unit including safety, medical, and public affairs experts designed to help at disaster scenes; this unit is called Forensic Archaeology Recover (FAR).
Q:
Forensic archaeology involves using established archaeological techniques and knowledge to assist law enforcement agencies for legal purposes.
Q:
When Garbage Project workers investigated alcohol consumption in a sample of Tucson households, they found that the amount of beer people reported drinking and the amount of beer that they actually drank were quite different.
Q:
Because it is illegal to rummage through people's garbage, Rathje and colleagues needed to obtain written permission from every household whose garbage they analyzed.
Q:
Although archaeology can provide important information about what has happened in the past, the usefulness of archaeology is limited to largely intellectual pursuits; practical applications of archaeology that actual benefit the modern world are extremely rare.
Q:
In truth, archaeology ________________the ramifications and conflicts involved when we take multiple versions of reality to the American public.
a. Has grown weary of
b. Is only beginning to appreciate
c. Turns to the National Park Service to confront
d. Teaches a hands-off policy regarding
Q:
Brian Hatoff took the position when excavating Hidden Cave, outside Fallon, Nevada to
a. Do the work quietly in order not to involve spectators
b. Protect the site from looting by not publishing his results
c. Carry out a public education campaign to encourage community participation
d. Close the site permanently
Q:
Ancient artificial channels dug along the Peru-Bolivia border
a. Provided moisture during wet seasons
b. Served as heat sinks
c. Are not viable alternatives for rural development today
d. Was not cost effective
Q:
Clea Koff earned her degree in anthropology and joined a team of experts brought together by
a. Society for Physicians and Archaeologists (SPA)
b. Criminal Tribunals, International
c. Physicians for Human Rights
d. Society for American Archaeology (SAA)
Q:
Professional archeologists have joined investigatory teams to
a. Recover MIAs in Vietnam
b. Excavate mass graves of missing persons in Central America
c. Stop illegal slave trade
d. A & B
Q:
According to the textbook the Garbage Project recovered
a. A plastic bag with a compacted cigarette buts
b. 40-year-old newspapers with hot dogs wrapped in them
c. 80-year-old construction debris
d. Evidence of Audubon Society bird counts
Q:
Most people think landfills are comprised of______________, when in fact the volume is going down.
a. Plastics
b. Appliances
c. Paper
d. Computers
Q:
According to the textbook, the Garbage Project has studied a number of social issues, including
a. Alcohol consumption
b. Cell phone communication
c. Underage use of prescription drugs
d. Gun trafficking
Q:
During WWII some American archeologists volunteered their services in the war effort.
a. Several collaborated on "national character" studies that tried to characterize peoples who were either allies or enemies
b. Ruth Benedict provided information that would ultimately prove critical for Allied forces occupying Japan during the prewar period
c. The Human Terrain Team helped military see situations from an indigenous perspective
d. They volunteered as servicemen and women, not as archaeologists.
Q:
Archaeology is about the
a. living and dead
b. past and future
c. data necessary to prove science is infallible
d. A & B
Q:
Archaeology contributes to our understanding of the human condition by
a. what it learns about the past
b. how it goes about learning about the past
c. assumptions that are proven to be correct
d. A & B
Q:
In the future it will be most important for archeology to show that
a. Information can be gathered using state-of-the- art digital technology
b. How different environmental and historical circumstances work together to create diversity of human societies
c. Racist assumptions have basis in material data
d. Modern garbage holds the key to understanding our past
Q:
The more important role in archaeology in the future will be to
a. Use archeological techniques to understand modern garbage
b. Gather data necessary to bring criminals to justice
c. Re-excavate ancient ruins with better technology
d. Knock down walls that often divide people of the world
Q:
Which of the following is true of Kodiak Island archaeology today?
a. The Alutiiq people refuse to allow any archaeological investigations on the island.
b. The Alutiiq people have granted permission and provided resources for archaeological investigations, and actively promote educational programs on Alutiiq culture, language, and arts.
c. Only Alutiiq people are allowed to conduct archaeological investigations on the island.
d. The archaeological record of the island has been entirely lost due to winter storms and vandalism.
Q:
When excavated several hundred graves and thousands of associated artifacts from Kodiak Island in the 1930s and sent them to the Smithsonian Institution:
a. He made sure to obtain the permission of the living descendants first.
b. He saw no need to consult with the local community, viewing the bones and artifacts from a strictly scientific perspective.
c. He was able to do so without concern for the wishes of any descendants because the island was unoccupied at the time of excavation.
d. He was met with many volunteers from the local community who were eager to assist in his excavations so that they could learn more about their own history.
Q:
Kodiak Island in the far north is the aboriginal home to:
a. b. Russian Orthodox Church
c. Alutiiq
d. Kodiak bear
Q:
Repatriation is seen by:
a. archaeologists and other scientists as a tragedy that will only lead to the destruction of irreplaceable scientific materials.
b. Native Americans as social justice; reburial is the only way to right the wrongs inflicted by centuries of colonialism.
c. archaeologists as an ethical decision; archaeologists are not the only ones who own the past.
d. everyone as an extremely divisive issue; there is no one "Native American perspective" or one "archaeological" perspective.