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Q:
Neurotransmitters like _____ decrease pain, but those like ________ increase the experience of pain.
a. serotonin . . . dynorphin
b. endorphin . . . glutamate
c. substance P . . . serotonin
d. endorphin . . . enkephalin
Q:
What brain structure contains a representation of the skin's surface?
a. somatosensory cortex
b. parietosensory area
c. sensorimotor cortex
d. occipital cortex
Q:
Sensory input information passes through what brain structure?
a. the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
b. the pons
c. the cerebellum
d. the thalamus
Q:
Which structure is most capable of modulating sensory input?
a. primary afferents
b. secondary afferents
c. substantia gelatinosa
d. spinothalamic tract
Q:
The substantia gelatinosa is
a. in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
b. in the midbrain region, adjacent to the thalamus.
c. composed of a gelatin-like material that surrounds the lower portion of the brain.
d. a hypothetical structure that has not yet been confirmed.
Q:
The dorsal horns are located in the
a. brain stem.
b. kidneys.
c. midbrain.
d. spinal cord.
Q:
These proteins produced by the immune system increase pain sensitivity, along with increasing fatigue and sickness:
a. proinflammatory cytokines
b. endorphins
c. opiates
d. both a and b
Q:
_______ are neurochemicals that help modulate, or lessen, the experience of pain.
a. Endorphins
b. Interneurons
c. Glutamates
d. Proinflammatory cytokines
Q:
_____ are chemicals that carry information between nerves.
a. Afferent neurons
b. Efferent neurons
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Interneurons
Q:
Participants who are socially excluded show more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, similar to people who are experiencing _____________.
a. physical pain
b. depression
c. anxiety
d. all of the above
Q:
Recent research gave participants __________ to reduce people's feelings of social pain.
a. a shock
b. a hug
c. Tylenol
d. Morphine
Q:
When pain is experienced in some other location than the site where the pain was inflicted, this is called
a. phantom limb pain.
b. referred pain.
c. prechronic pain.
d. chronic recurrent pain.
Q:
Afferent fibers group together after leaving the skin, forming a _____.
a. nerve
b. cell
c. cell body
d. ganglion cell
Q:
Stimulation of the A-delta fibers, since they are myelinated, leads to a _______, whereas the unmyelinated C fibers often result in _____________.
a. "slow pain" response; "fast pain" response
b. "no pain" response; "slow pain" response
c. "fast pain" response; "slow pain" response
d. "no pain" response; "fast pain" response
Q:
Nociception refers to the process of perceiving ________.
a. stress
b. pain
c. anger
d. oxygen
Q:
_________ neurons carry nerve impulses away from the brain and toward the muscles.
a. Efferent
b. Afferent
c. Beta afferents
d. Delta afferents
Q:
This system conveys sensory information from the body to the brain.
a. endocrine system
b. digestive system
c. somatosensory system
d. immune system
Q:
Sherman stubbed his toe on the sidewalk. His sensation of pain traveled first to the
a. muscles in the foot.
b. brain.
c. spinal cord.
d. cranial nerves.
Q:
More than half of all sensory afferents are
a. A-beta fibers.
b. A-delta fibers.
c. C fibers.
d. myelinated.
Q:
Myelinated afferent neurons are called
a. A fibers.
b. beta afferents.
c. C fibers.
d. delta afferents.
Q:
Primary afferents convey sensory impulses to the
a. spinal cord.
b. peripheral nervous system.
c. brain.
d. motor neurons.
Q:
The ______ system allows us to interpret certain sensory information as pain.
a. somatosensory
b. endocrine
c. skeletal
d. muscular
Q:
Evaluate the evidence for stress as a factor in psychological disorders.
Q:
Some people show high levels of reactivity to stress, which may be a factor in the development of cardiovascular disease.
Q:
How strong is the relationship between stress and headache, heart disease, infectious disease, ulcers, diabetes, or any other disease?
Q:
How does the diathesis-stress model explain how some people get sick when exposed to stress while others remain healthy?
Q:
Explain the goals of the field of psychoneuroimmunology and evaluate its progress toward these goals.
Q:
Discuss the implications of immune deficiency.
Q:
What functions do nonspecific and specific immunity serve, and why are both necessary?
Q:
A recent study on over 55,000 Japanese adults showed greater perceived stress increased the risk for Type 2 diabetes.
Q:
The higher a person's level of stress, the more likely that person will become ill.
Q:
Stress may "get under the skin" by altering health-related behaviors, such as people drinking more alcohol to cope with stressful life events.
Q:
Chronic stress is more damaging to the immune system than short-term stress.
Q:
The immune system has one way to fight invading foreign substances: specific immune system responses.
Q:
Almost all ulcers are caused by stress.
Q:
Compared with people who have little reaction to stressful events, those who react with strong
emotions are more likely to have cardiovascular disease.
Q:
Most heart attacks are caused by sudden traumatic experiences.
Q:
Evidence from research by Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues demonstrated that stress has
no relationship to catching the common cold.
Q:
Most tension headaches are the result of traumatic life events.
Q:
The diathesis-stress model suggests that recent stress predisposes people to illness.
Q:
The functioning of the immune system occurs only in the lymph nodes.
Q:
Psychoneuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the interactions among
behavior, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system.
Q:
T-cells are a type of nonspecific immune system response.
Q:
The immune system protects the body against bacteria but not viruses.
Q:
The ethnic group that is most vulnerable to developing PTSD isa. Asian Americansb. Hispanic Americansc. European Americansd. African Americans
Q:
_______ may help explain why stress can lead to depression.
a. Increased cytokine production
b. Decreased cytokine production
c. Increased T-cell production
d. Increased activity of natural killer cells
Q:
Which of the following is not an adequate explanation for why some individuals are more vulnerable to depression than others?
a. Ineffective coping strategies may increase vulnerability to depression.
b. Rumination may increase vulnerability to depression.
c. Major life stress may provide a "kindling" experience that increases vulnerability to depression.
d. Certain genes have been implicated in vulnerability to depression, regardless of environmental factors.
Q:
One explanation as to why some individuals are more vulnerable to depression is that these individuals
a. have a small, but active, social support network.
b. have ineffective coping strategies.
c. have too many stressful experiences.
d. all of the above
Q:
There is evidence that stress contributes to the development of __________.
a. depressive symptoms
b. anxiety symptoms
c. both anxiety and depressive symptoms.
d. neither anxiety nor depressive symptoms.
Q:
________ children show the greatest asthma symptoms following an acute stress task.
a. Overweight
b. Underweight
c. Low socioeconomic status
d. High socioeconomic status
Q:
In regards to the effects of stress on pregnancy, research indicates that __________
a. acute stress is the riskiest for pregnancy complications.
b. stress early in the pregnancy is riskier than stress later in the pregnancy.
c. stress late in the pregnancy is riskier than stress early in the pregnancy.
d. both a and c.
Q:
Stress may contribute to diabetes through its possible effects on _______.
a. smoking
b. heavy drinking
c. obesity
d. exercise
Q:
Though stress may not directly cause ulcers, there may be an indirect link between stress and ulcers, as stress may increase all of the following EXCEPT:
a. heavy drinking
b. smoking
c. caffeine consumption
d. exercise
Q:
Which of the following ethnic groups has been shown to have lowest reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor?
a. Asian American
b. African American
c. European American
d. Caribbean Americans
Q:
In a study of women with the sexually transmitted form of herpes simplex virus, women experiencing psychosocial distress were more likely to
a. transfer the virus to someone else.
b. show the onset of genital lesions a few days later.
c. contract other herpes viruses.
d. all of the above.
Q:
Vaccinations may be less effective in protecting against stress among people who experience ________.
a. stress
b. many daily hassles
c. few daily hassles
d. exposure to cigarette smoke.
Q:
Personality may also play a role in who develops a cold. In one study, people who were ______ developed fewer colds than others.
a. neurotic
b. extraverted
c. agreeable
d. conscientious
Q:
Austin suffers from recurrent intrusive memories of his experiences as a fire fighter at the time of the World Trade Center attacks. He also has unpleasant dreams that replay some of these experiences. Austin is most likely suffering from
a. clinical depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. posttraumatic stress disorder.
d. transcendent psychosis.
Q:
People with a negative outlook and a tendency to ruminate over problems
a. are less likely than others to complain about being sick.
b. are at higher risk for depression than those with a more positive attitude.
c. express more satisfaction with life than do other people.
d. all of these.
Q:
Evidence regarding the effects of stress on depression indicates that
a. stress seems to be a necessary condition for depression.
b. stress is a sufficient condition for depression.
c. stress is involved in more than half of all depressive episodes.
d. vulnerability and coping ability mediate the effects of stress on depression.
Q:
The connection between the immune system and asthma may occur through
a. the stress that comes from treatment for the disorder.
b. inflammation.
c. triggers such as smoke or dust.
d. the ethnic background of the person with the disease.
Q:
The most solid research evidence suggests that
a. stress can trigger an asthma attack.
b. stress is the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
c. stress is the chief cause of depression.
d. stress is unrelated to both depression and anxiety.
Q:
Stress probably plays some role in the development of
a. Type 1 diabetes.
b. Type 2 diabetes.
c. both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
d. neither type of diabetes.
Q:
Research on the 2006 World Cup soccer championship indicated that
a. the stress of watching matches raised the risk of cardiac events for people with cardiac problems.
b. the excitement of watching matches provided relief from reactivity.
c. men's but not women's risk of heart attack increased as a result of watching matches.
d. soccer fans were more likely to experience an initial cardiac event, but individuals with a history of heart disease actually experienced a lowered risk of cardiac events during and after matches.
Q:
Robert, a middle-aged African American man believes that he has just been called a derogatory name. According to research, Robert is most likely to
a. react by insulting the other person.
b. react by moving away from the other person.
c. react with increased blood pressure.
d. realize that he may have misinterpreted the other person's words.
Q:
In what way does reactivity relate to ethnic background?
a. African American men show more reactivity to stress than do European American men.
b. European American children show more reactivity than do African American children.
c. Children with the highest rate of reactivity are European American children with a family history of heart disease.
d. Both b and c are correct.
Q:
The notion that some people respond more strongly to stress than do others is called
a. Type A behavior pattern.
b. Type B behavior pattern.
c. reactivity.
d. responsively.
Q:
Evidence is strongest for the hypothesis that
a. there is little relationship between stress and heart disease.
b. stressful experiences increase the risk of heart attack.
c. stressful experiences can buffer people against cardiovascular disease.
d. most heart attacks among middle-age men are related to marital stress.
Q:
Evidence now suggests that most colds are caused by an interaction of exposure to the virus and
a. diet.
b. lack of sleep.
c. white blood count.
d. stress.
Q:
Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues found that development of colds
a. was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity.
b. was not reliably related to the severity of the stress but was related to the presence of stress.
c. occurred only with both long-term stress and severe stress.
d. showed no relationship between previous stress and the subsequent development of colds.
Q:
When Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues intentionally exposed healthy volunteers to common cold viruses, they found that their previous level of stress was
a. unrelated to subsequent number of colds.
b. related in a dose-response manner to subsequent number of colds.
c. positively related to subsequent number of colds but not in a dose-response manner.
d. inversely related to subsequent number of colds.
Q:
The type of stress that is most closely associated with headaches is
a. major life events, such as loss of a loved one.
b. daily hassles.
c. persistent fears and anxiety.
d. depression.
Q:
Stress is a factor in
a. tension but not vascular headaches.
b. vascular but not tension headaches.
c. both vascular and tension headaches.
d. neither tension nor vascular headaches.
Q:
The diathesis-stress model assumes that to become ill
a. a person must have a relatively permanent predisposition to the illness.
b. a person must experience some sort of stress.
c. both a and b are necessary to produce illness.
d. neither a nor b is necessary to produce illness.
Q:
With regard to stress and disease,
a. executives are more likely than middle-level managers to develop stress-related diseases.
b. stress can affect the development of disease directly through the immune system or indirectly through unhealthy behaviors.
c. stress is more likely to result in psychological disorders than in physical diseases.
d. both a and c are correct.
Q:
The diathesis-stress model hypothesizes that
a. stress is most likely to produce illness in a healthy person.
b. stress and psychological functioning interact to produce better health.
c. some people are more inherently vulnerable to the effects of stress.
d. some people learn to cope with stress but not with stressful life events.
Q:
Stress may relate to disease because people under stress may
a. abuse alcohol.
b. eat unhealthy foods.
c. use illicit drugs.
d. do any or all of these.
Q:
With regard to stress and illness, which of these statements is true?
a. Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than it is of hypertension.
b. Most people at risk from stressful experience will not develop a disease.
c. Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than cigarette smoking.
d. Both a and c are correct.
Q:
One route through which stress may affect the immune system is through
a. lowered epinephrine levels.
b. elevated cortisol levels.
c. reverse peristalsis.
d. any of these.
Q:
Direct effects of stress on the immune system occur through ______, and indirect effects can occur through ______.
a. the cardiovascular system . . . autonomic nervous system activation effects
b. the sympathetic nervous system . . . parasympathetic nervous system suppression
c. connections between the immune and nervous systems . . . secretion of hormones
d. the adrenal medulla . . . activation of the pituitary gland and releasing factors