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Q:
Approximately 50% of people have reported severe headaches in the last 3 months.
Q:
The gate control theory assumes that pain experiences can be increased or decreased by
mechanisms in the brain and spinal cord.
Q:
In general, women are much more sensitive to pain than men.
Q:
Some people have a pain-resistant personality and are much more sensitive to pain than other people.
Q:
Delmar constantly complained to his wife Merna about pain in his knee. Merna decided to stop sympathizing with Delmar and to withhold any sort of positive reinforcement to his pain behaviors, so we would expect Delmar to stop feeling pain in his knee.
Q:
Acute pain has no benefit to the person who is experiencing it.
Q:
Women are more than twice as likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis as men.
Q:
Efferent neurons carry nerve impulses away from the brain, whereas afferent neurons carry nerve impulses toward the brain.
Q:
Based on recent research by Yoshino et al. (2010) on mood and pain, if Courtney is feeling happy, she should experience less pain than when she is feeling sad.
Q:
A recent study examined social rejection and found that the resulting emotional pain affected brain activity similarly to physical pain.
Q:
The largest organ of the body is the skin.
Q:
Of the medical and psychological interventions for managing chronic pain, __________ is/are probably the most effective.a. surgeryb. opiate drugsc. biofeedbackd. cognitive behavioral therapy
Q:
According to cognitive therapists, beliefs, personal standards, and ________ strongly affect people's behavior.
a. history of reinforcement
b. "catastrophizing"
c. suggestibility
d. implicit memory
Q:
In comparison to behavior modification techniques, cognitive therapy
a. is less effective.
b. is more solidly based in learning theory.
c. places more emphasis on the interpretation of events.
d. has a longer tradition of use for pain management.
Q:
Cognitive therapists emphasize a change in
a. personality traits.
b. overt behavior.
c. thinking patterns.
d. philosophy of life.
Q:
What might be a reinforcer for pain behavior?
a. the sensory input
b. the motor output
c. the disapproval of family members
d. monetary compensation for injury
Q:
In behavior modification programs for pain management, pain behaviors are
a. ignored.
b. punished.
c. rewarded.
d. Any of these can be a component of a behavior modification program for pain.
Q:
Pain authority Frank Andrasik proposed that pain traps occur when
a. situations push people experiencing pain toward chronic pain.
b. a person with a pain-prone personality experiences pain.
c. A-delta fibers are stimulated at the same time as C fibers.
d. a person experiences pain at the same time as some positive situation.
Q:
Wilbert Fordyce, along with others who advocate a behavior modification view of pain, claimed that
a. pain itself is rewarding to the individual pain patient.
b. pain sensations can be eliminated by the use of behavior modification.
c. pain behaviors may have reinforcing consequences for the pain patient.
d. cognitive therapy is the most effective means of pain control.
Q:
Behavior modification techniques rely most heavily on
a. classical conditioning concepts.
b. operant conditioning principles.
c. observational learning theory.
d. cognitive learning strategies.
Q:
Relaxation training has been used successfully to
a. treat rheumatoid arthritis.
b. treat low back pain.
c. reduce headache pain.
d. all of these.
Q:
The type of spinal stimulation that is most effective in controlling pain is
a. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
b. stimulation from implanted devices that stimulate the spinal cord.
c. subcutaneous chemical stimulation (SCS).
d. alternating stimulation of the peripheral nerves near the site of injury and stimulation close to the spinal cord.
Q:
Researchers have found that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
a. is effective for acute but not chronic pain.
b. increases pain during stimulation, but patients report less pain after stimulation.
c. is not very effective in relieving pain.
d. has no advantage over other medical methods.
Q:
Bailey has tried many treatments for chronic back pain. His treatment of last resort would probably be
a. surgery.
b. TENS.
c. opium-based drugs.
d. hypnosis.
Q:
Analgesic drugs are effective for pain control, but
a. most people misuse these drugs, using dangerous amounts.
b. NSAIDS are more effective than opiates.
c. anesthetic drugs are preferable for controlling chronic pain.
d. antidepressant drugs may also be useful in treating some types of pain.
Q:
Aspirin-type analgesic drugs are most effective in
a. treating gastric disorders.
b. relieving cancer pain.
c. treating injuries that are accompanied by inflammation.
d. treating patients who are candidates for surgery.
Q:
Systems of self-paced administration of analgesic drugs
a. overcome the problem of undermedication.
b. increase the probability of addiction.
c. lead to a situation in which about 45% of patients overmedicate themselves.
d. all of these.
Q:
About what percentage of people who receive opiates during a hospital stay becomes addicted?
a. less than 1%
b. more than 5% but less than 25%
c. about 50%
d. almost 100%
Q:
Opiate drugs
a. are effective analgesics.
b. produce dependence.
c. produce tolerance.
d. all of these.
Q:
Medical procedures used in pain management have traditionally included
a. cognitive therapy.
b. drugs.
c. surgery.
d. both drugs and surgery.
Q:
Approximately _____ % of all terminal cancer cases experience pain.
a. 15-20
b. 25-40
c. 45-65
d. 98 to 99
Q:
One variation of cognitive behavioral therapy, encourages participants to _____ their pain and focus their attention on valued activities.
a. deny
b. accept
c. enjoy
d. commit to
Q:
Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to be effective in relieving pain for
a. headache patients
b. fibromyalgia patients
c. patients with AIDS pain
d. all of the above
Q:
The tendency to catastrophize is associated with ________.
a. magnification of pain.
b. lessening of pain.
c. no differences in perception of pain.
d. magnification of pain, but only when other people are present.
Q:
_______ occurs when the body needs more and more of the drug to reach the same effect and _______ occurs when removal of the drug causes withdrawal symptoms.
a. Withdrawal; dependence
b. Dependence; withdrawal
c. Tolerance; dependence
d. Dependence; tolerance
Q:
For phantom limb pain, the pain is more likely in the missing limb when:
a. there was much pain before the amputation.
b. there was no pain before the amputation.
c. the amputated limb is a leg.
d. all phantom pain is the same pain intensity.
Q:
Jesse's leg was amputated when he was 20. 10 years later, he still occasionally feels pain in that missing limb. This pain is called
a. missing limb pain.
b. phantom limb pain.
c. amputation pain.
d. neuroses.
Q:
Almost ____ of all cancer patients' pain was untreated.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 50%
d. 90%
Q:
What types of headaches are more common in men than in women?
a. chronic
b. cluster
c. migraine
d. tension
Q:
The three primary kinds of headaches are:
a. migraine, cluster, chronic
b. chronic, tension, cluster
c. migraine, cluster, tension
d. tension, migraine, chronic
Q:
Chronic pain affects approximately ____ of the population in the United States.
a. 50%
b. 10%
c. 75%
d. 30%
Q:
Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
a. frequently occurs in younger as well as older people.
b. affects mostly men.
c. is an autoimmune disorder.
d. affects mostly older people.
Q:
Low back pain has many causes. About what percent of back pain patients have an identified, physical cause for their pain?
a. 20%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. about 40% of men and about 60% of women
Q:
Which of these conditions may contribute to low back pain?
a. pregnancy
b. improper lifting of heavy objects
c. aging
d. all of these
Q:
The two most common types of pain are
a. cancer and headache.
b. arthritis and low back.
c. headache and low back.
d. cancer and low back.
Q:
Wendy suffers from headaches that occur nearly every day for about a month, but then go away for about a year or more. From this description, it appears that Wendy suffers from
a. cluster headaches.
b. migraine headaches.
c. tension headache.
d. none of the above.
Q:
What type of pain has a gradual onset, sensations of tightness around the neck and shoulders, and a steady ache on both sides of the head?
a. low back pain
b. migraine headache
c. cluster headache
d. tension headache
Q:
Carlos is a 45-year-old civil engineer who has never had a migraine headache. His chances of a first migraine are
a. very high.
b. about 50/50.
c. very low.
d. nonexistent.
Q:
With regard to migraine headaches,
a. men are somewhat more likely than women to have migraines.
b. women are much more likely than men to have migraines.
c. women are slightly more likely than men to have migraines.
d. women and men are about equally susceptible to migraines.
Q:
Rosa suffers from recurrent attacks of pain that are accompanied by exaggerated sensitivity to light, loss of appetite, and nausea. From these characteristics you would diagnose Rosa as having
a. migraine headaches.
b. tension headaches.
c. cancer pain.
d. phantom limb pain.
Q:
_____ pain is the most common of all syndromes of pain with a lifetime incidence rate of more than 99%.
a. Headache
b. Low back
c. Burn
d. Knee
Q:
Which of these techniques measures muscle tension as an index of pain?
a. electromyography
b. thermography
c. blood flow in the temporal artery
d. heart rate
Q:
Heart rate predicts perceptions of pain, but only for ________.
a. children
b. the elderly
c. men
d. women
Q:
A personality inventory sometimes used to assess pain is the
a. California Personality Inventory.
b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
c. Edwards Personality Schedule.
d. Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey.
Q:
The most widely used pain questionnaire was developed by Ronald Melzack and is known as the
a. Melzack and Wall Pain Questionnaire.
b. Visual Analog Scale.
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
d. McGill Pain Questionnaire.
Q:
The Visual Analog Scale is considered to be
a. a self-report.
b. an evoked potential measure of pain.
c. a behavioral assessment of pain.
d. a pain questionnaire.
Q:
Which of these methods have been used to measure pain?
a. self-reports
b. behavioral assessment
c. physiological measures
d. all of these
Q:
Valid and reliable measures of pain are important to health psychologists primarily because
a. such measurements permit accurate evaluation of various pain therapy programs.
b. self-reports are more useful than physiological measures.
c. pain is a product of both physiological and emotional factors.
d. behavioral assessments are more reliable and valid.
Q:
Melzack proposed the _______ theory, which is an extension of the gate control theory.
a. sensory decision
b. specificity
c. neuromatrix
d. cerebellar
Q:
The gate control theory of pain assumes
a. the physiological reality of pain.
b. the nature of motor output factors in pain perception.
c. that chronic pain is heavily influenced by both spinal cord and brain activity.
d. that sensory input is not the only factor in pain perception.
Q:
According to the gate control theory of pain, the spinal cord
a. mechanically relays sensory input information.
b. modulates the input of sensory information.
c. does not have the physiological capacity to affect pain perception.
d. is less important in pain perception than the cerebellum.
Q:
According to the gate control theory of pain, the structure that is the likely location of the gate is
a. the substantia gelatinosa.
b. the ventral horns of the spinal cord.
c. the transverse section of the medulla.
d. supraspinal nerve endings.
Q:
The theory of pain proposed by Melzack and Wall has been called the _____ theory.
a. gate control
b. sensory decision
c. cognitive-emotional
d. tension-reduction
Q:
Which of these findings cast doubt on the specificity theory of pain?
a. Researchers have failed to find specific skin receptors devoted to relaying pain.
b. Phantom limb pain occurs in 70% of amputees.
c. Injury can occur without pain, such as that experienced by the soldiers at Anzio beach.
d. all of these
Q:
Specificity theory hypothesizes that
a. a person's interpretation of pain is more important that tissue damage in determining the intensity of pain.
b. acute pains intensify over time.
c. the experience of pain is approximately equal to the amount of tissue damage or injury.
d. chronic pain can become acute pain over time.
Q:
With regard to gender,
a. women sense pain more quickly than men.
b. women are more likely to hide their pain.
c. men are more likely to be aware of their pain.
d. men are less likely to report pain.
Q:
During the birth process, women in some cultures exhibit many more signs of pain than women in other cultures. This observation shows that
a. the experience of pain varies from culture to culture.
b. cultural practices can influence the expression of pain.
c. natural childbirth produces less pain than opiate drugs.
d. women who express little pain during childbirth are undergoing self-hypnosis.
Q:
What is the relationship between the experience of pain and some types of psychopathology?
a. People with personality disorders have heightened pain perception.
b. People with pain-prone personalities tend to have borderline personality disorder.
c. People with pain-resistant personalities tend to have bipolar disorder.
d. It is not clear whether psychopathology makes one vulnerable to pain or whether being in pain produces psychopathology.
Q:
In some cultures, people undergo initiation rituals that call for them to have their body pierced, cut, tattooed, burned, or beaten. These individuals
a. feel no pain.
b. show little or no pain from an accidental injury.
c. feel pain, but their culture trains them to exhibit no pain during these initiation rituals.
d. offer proof that pain is totally psychological.
Q:
People in pain frequently receive attention and sympathy, which may provide ____________ for these pain behaviors.
a. reinforcement
b. negative scheduling
c. punishment
d. generalization
Q:
Matthew is running a marathon and trips over a pile of acorns, but finishes the race. Afterwards, he finds out his ankle is sprained. What theory best accounts for the fact that Matthew did not immediately stop running after tripping?
a. specificity theory of pain
b. gate control theory of pain
c. delay of gratification theory of pain
d. none of the above
Q:
According to the gate control theory, emotions such as ______ could increase pain by affecting the gate to open, whereas emotions such as _____ could decrease pain by affecting the gate to close.
a. happiness; depression
b. joy; anxiety
c. anxiety; happiness
d. depression; anxiety
Q:
Physicians are likely to underestimate the pain of
a. Asian Americans.
b. African Americans.
c. European Americans.
d. no ethnic group; doctors treat all patients equally.
Q:
This personality trait has been associated with a "pain-resistant" personality.
a. Conscientiousness
b. Extraversion
c. Neuroticism
d. There is no "pain-resistant" personality.
Q:
Kyle is experiencing headaches and his partner has taken over the household chores. Research by Pence et al. (2008) would suggest that Kyle's headaches are likely to
a. increase in intensity.
b. decrease in intensity.
c. completely disappear.
d. disappear until his partner makes him do the chores again.
Q:
Henry Beecher reported that soldiers wounded at the Anzio beachhead during World War II experienced ______ pain.
a. chronic intractable
b. stress-related
c. severe, excruciating
d. very little
Q:
Which of these is NOT a distinction between chronic and acute pain?
a. Acute pain is usually adaptive; chronic pain is not.
b. Acute pain is physical; chronic pain is psychological.
c. Chronic pain is frequently perpetuated by environmental reinforcers; acute pain needs no such reinforcement.
d. Chronic pain has no biological benefit; acute warns the person to avoid further injury.
Q:
Victoria has just cut her hand with a sharp knife. The pain she feels can best be described as
a. acute.
b. prechronic.
c. chronic intractable.
d. chronic.
Q:
Pain is usually defined as
a. a sensory experience only.
b. an emotional experience only.
c. neither a sensory nor an emotional experience.
d. both a sensory and an emotional experience.
Q:
Which of the body's own neurochemicals does NOT have opiate-like effects?
a. serotonin
b. dynorphin
c. endorphin
d. enkephalin