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Psychology
Q:
Describe the role of heredity and environment of violent behavior..
Q:
Briefly describe the role of the HPA axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the stress response.
Q:
Briefly describe how benzodiazepines work in the brain.
Q:
Briefly describe the startle reflex.
Q:
Briefly describe the role of the left and right hemispheres contribution to emotions according to Jeffrey Gray.
Q:
Briefly describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Q:
Which brain area is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces PTSD?A corpus callosumB substantia nigraC dorsolateral prefrontal cortexD amygdala
Q:
Having a small hippocampus may increase one's vulnerability to:
a. PTSD.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. Urbach-Wiethe disease.
d. Kluver-Bucy syndrome.
Q:
Among identical twins, if one of them has PTSD, then the other is also likely to have a:
a. small hippocampus.
b. large hippocampus.
c. large adrenal gland.
d. small adrenal gland.
Q:
Among people who had been in severe automobile accidents, the ones who develop PTSD are more likely to have:
a. more severe head injury.
b. a smaller than average hippocampus.
c. longer recovery times.
d. larger cortisol responses.
Q:
One surprising feature about people with posttraumatic stress disorder is that, on the average, they have:
a. lower than normal cortisol levels.
b. a larger than normal hippocampus.
c. a stronger, healthier immune system than most people.
d. a weaker than normal startle response to a loud noise.
Q:
What is the relationship between PTSD and size of the hippocampus?
a. PTSD causes a decrease in the number of neurons in the hippocampus.
b. PTSD causes a decrease in the size of neurons in the hippocampus.
c. People with a smaller than average hippocampus are more likely than others to develop PTSD.
d. People with a larger than average hippocampus are more likely than others to develop PTSD.
Q:
PTSD victims tend to have a ____ hippocampus and ____ cortisol levels.
a. larger, higher
b. larger, lower
c. smaller, higher
d. smaller, lower
Q:
Experiencing nightmares about a traumatic event, avoiding reminders of it, and exaggerated startle response are symptoms of:
a. major depression.
b. mild depression.
c. PTSD.
d. schizophrenia.
Q:
Recurring nightmares, exaggerated startle response, and avoidance behavior are common symptoms of:
a. autoimmune disorders.
b. schizophrenia.
c. alcoholism.
d. posttraumatic stress disorder.
Q:
Aged people with the highest cortisol levels tend to be those with the:
a. largest hippocampus.
b. greatest memory problems.
c. greatest amount of social support.
d. most cellulose in the diet.
Q:
High cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be:
a. responsive to new learning.
b. capable of generating a circadian rhythm.
c. synchronized to sensory stimulation.
d. vulnerable to damage by toxins.
Q:
Chronically high cortisol levels can be harmful to an individual by:
a. increasing the vulnerability of the hippocampus.
b. killing off natural killer cells.
c. increasing metabolism.
d. elevating fevers.
Q:
Which is more characteristic of the body's response to chronic stress than the response to short-term stress?
a. sympathetic nervous system involvement
b. elevated heart rate
c. a sudden burst of activity ("fight or flight" response)
d. secretions of cortisol
Q:
What did researchers find in Antarctic research scientists who spent a 9-month period of social isolation in the cold and dark?
a. T cell functioning increased by about 50%
b. T cell functioning decreased by about half
c. leukocytes stopped functioning
d. an outbreak of autoimmune diseases
Q:
Occasional brief periods of stress:
a. are harmful to an organism.
b. are harmful if the emotion is anger.
c. boost the activity of the immune system.
d. direct energy away from the synthesis of proteins.
Q:
The field of study concerned with how the nervous system interacts with the immune system is known as:
a. endocrinology
b. immunopsychology.
c. psychoneuroimmunology.
d. neurobiology.
Q:
Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscle activity, and decreased sex drive during illness?
A The illness suppresses nearly all brain activity.
B The virus saps the organism's energy and uses it to attack the body.
C They are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness.
D An illness decreases blood flow to the brain and muscles.
Q:
The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness, and lack of appetite are caused by:
a. decreased brain activity.
b. toxins released by pathogens.
c. the immune system's production of cytokines.
d. antibody production.
Q:
Information from cytokines is relayed to the brain, specifically to the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. cerebellum.
c. pineal gland.
d. locus coeruleus.
Q:
The immune system's way of telling the brain that the body is ill is by way of:
a. macrophages.
b. cytotoxic cells.
c. cytokines.
d. natural killer cells.
Q:
Chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors are:
a. macrophages.
b. cytotoxic cells.
c. cytokines.
d. natural killer cells.
Q:
One of the main differences between natural killer cells and T cells is that natural killer cells:
a. attack normal tissue.
b. attack several kinds of intruders.
c. are cancer cells.
d. are more specific in their targets.
Q:
Which type of leukocyte destroys tumor cells and cells infected with viruses?
a. T cells
b. B cells
c. Schwann cells
d. natural killer cells
Q:
Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as:
a. B cells.
b. T cells.
c. cytotoxic T cells.
d. natural killer cells.
Q:
Which type of leukocyte matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies to attack specific targets?
a. B cells
b. Y cells
c. T cells
d. natural killer cells
Q:
What type of leukocyte matures in the thymus gland?
a. natural killer cell
b. macrophage
c. B cell
d. T cell
Q:
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are:
a. macrophages.
b. B cells.
c. T cells.
d. antibodies.
Q:
Which type of leukocyte matures in the bone marrow?
a. Antigen
b. Macrophage
c. B cell
d. T cell
Q:
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?
a. Macrophage
b. B cell
c. T cell
d. A cell
Q:
A leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign:
a. antigens.
b. contours.
c. chromosomes.
d. neurotransmitters.
Q:
Leukocytes identify intruder cells by their:
a. shape.
b. chromosomal pattern.
c. rate of cell division.
d. surface proteins.
Q:
Which of the following hormones is released by the adrenal gland during stress?
a. cortisol
b. ACTH
c. CRH
d. NPY
Q:
In Selye's general adaptation syndrome, the release of cortisol occurs during the ____ stage.
a. alarm
b. resistance
c. exhaustion
d. promotional
Q:
Stress activates two systems. One is the:
a. HPA axis, which reacts more quickly than the other.
b. HPA axis, which becomes increasingly important with prolonged stressors.
c. autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone ACTH.
d. autonomic nervous system which secretes the hormone cortisol.
Q:
Selye inferred that any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, which he called the:
a. general stress syndrome.
b. general adaptation syndrome.
c. general activation syndrome.
d. general limbic syndrome.
Q:
A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it is a definition of:
a. emotion.
b. feeling.
c. stress.
d. psychosomatic illness.
Q:
Hans Selye's defined stress in terms of:
a. the duration of troubling events.
b. an increase in worry.
c. the nonspecific response of the body to any demand.
d. the amount of homework to be done.
Q:
The field of study that would be most concerned with the effects of smoking, diet, exercise, and stress on health is:
a. behavioral medicine.
b. neurology.
c. dietetics.
d. psychology.
Q:
An experimental drug, Ro15-4513, has been shown to block the behavioral effects of:
a. tricyclics.
b. amphetamines.
c. alcohol.
d. endozepines.
Q:
Someone who had developed a tolerance to alcohol is likely to show a cross-tolerance to:
a. benzodiazepines.
b. amphetamines.
c. lithium.
d. antidepressants.
Q:
A combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol should be avoided because:
a. each magnifies the effects of the other.
b. each cancels the effects of the other.
c. they react with each other chemically to form a new compound.
d. the combination produces excessive anxiety.
Q:
Alcohol decreases anxiety by:
a. promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex.
b. inhibiting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex.
c. promoting sodium flow at serotonin synapses.
d. inhibiting sodium flow at serotonin synapses.
Q:
A person who has developed a tolerance to alcohol is likely to show a cross-tolerance to:
a. lithium.
b. amphetamines.
c. benzodiazepines.
d. antidepressants.
Q:
Which of the following decreases anxiety?
a. benzodiazepines
b. barbiturates
c. alcohol
d. endozepines
Q:
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects, including the possibility of:
a. fear
b. anxiety
c. anger
d. addiction
Q:
At the center of the GABAá´€ receptor is a:
a. benzodiazepine
b. neurotransmitter
c. chloride channel
d. transmitter channel
Q:
A variety of studies indicate that anxiety is increased by the transmitters ____ and ____.
a. alprazolam, orexin
b. cholecystokinin, orexin
c. orexin, diazepam
d. alprazolam, cholecystokinin
Q:
A benzodiazepine molecule attaches to its receptor and affects the cell by:
a. increasing receptor response to GABA.
b. blocking the sodium gates in the membrane.
c. increasing the flow of potassium.
d. temporarily decreasing serotonin turnover.
Q:
The GABA-A receptor complex controls the flow of which ion across the membrane?
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride
Q:
The flow of ____ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABA-A complex.
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride
Q:
A drug that facilitates transmission at GABA-A synapses has what effect on behavior?
a. increases anxiety
b. decreases anxiety
c. increases overall arousal
d. decreases aggressiveness
Q:
Which of the following conditions most resembles the effects of amygdala damage?
a. injecting CCK in the brain
b. taking tranquilizers
c. taking endozepines
d. blocking GABA receptors
Q:
Benzodiazepine tranquilizers affect GABA synapses by:
a. stimulating GABA receptors.
b. facilitating binding of GABA to its receptors.
c. inhibiting GABA receptors.
d. decreasing binding of GABA to its receptors.
Q:
Benzodiazepines relieve anxiety by ____ transmission at ____ synapses.
a. facilitating; dopamine
b. inhibiting; serotonin
c. facilitating; GABA
d. inhibiting; norepinephrine
Q:
Most tranquilizers reduce anxiety by:
a. decreasing GABA.
b. increasing GABA.
c. blocking dopamine.
d. increasing CCK.
Q:
The enhanced startle reflex in the presence of a feared stimulus would be reduced by all of the following methods EXCEPT:
a. stimulating GABA-A receptors.
b. opening chloride channels.
c. damaging the amygdala.
d. stimulating CCK receptors in the amygdala.
Q:
____ decrease(s) the responses in a rat's brain to the smell of a cat.
a. Orexin
b. Cholecystokinin
c. Benzodiazepines
d. Chloride ions
Q:
One could reduce anxiety by:
a. decreasing GABA.
b. increasing CCK.
c. blocking CCK.
d. blocking dopamine.
Q:
Increased fear, anxiety, or panic is related to increased activity of ____ and decreased activity of ____.
a. CCK; GABA
b. acetylcholine; glutamate
c. dopamine; norepinephrine
d. serotonin; NPY
Q:
One explanation for the difficulty that people with amygdala damage have with recognizing fearful faces is that they:
a. can"t see very well.
b. don"t remember what fear looks like.
c. focus their attention on the eyes of faces instead of the nose and mouth.
d. focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes.
Q:
Across studies involving amygdala damage, the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for:
a. focusing attention on emotional stimuli.
b. only the expression of emotion.
c. only the interpretation of emotion.
d. the normal startle response.
Q:
Which of the following social behaviors can result from damage to the amygdala?
a. standing closer than usual to someone during a conversation
b. tendency to trust almost no one
c. impairment at remembering people's names
d. loss of sexual responsiveness
Q:
When asked to identify different emotional expressions, people with Urbach-Wiethe disease had the most difficulty identifying:
a. surprise.
b. anger.
c. fear.
d. joy.
Q:
When asked to draw pictures expressing different emotions, which emotion would cause the most difficulty for a person with Urbach-Wiethe disease?
a. happiness
b. disgust
c. sadness
d. fear
Q:
Amygdala activation to angry and fearful expressions suggests that the amygdala responds most strongly:
a. to fearful faces directed to the viewer.
b. when emotional interpretation is unclear.
c. to happy faces.
d. to neutral faces.
Q:
According to research, the human amygdala responds most strongly when people are looking at:
a. scenes that depict or imply movement.
b. emotional expressions.
c. familiar, recognizable faces.
d. pictures than can be interpreted in more than one way.
Q:
Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ____, and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ____.
a. toward you, to the side
b. to the side, toward you
c. toward you, toward you
d. to the side, to the side
Q:
Human amygdala activity was found to be greatest when looking at a picture of:
a. people showing emotional expressions.
b. people with neutral expressions.
c. a puppy or kitten.
d. an infant.
Q:
Looking at a picture of people showing emotional expressions causes the greatest activity in the:
a. frontal lobe.
b. hippocampus.
c. fornix.
d. amygdala.
Q:
The most likely result of an amygdala lesion in the most dominant monkey in a group would be:
a. increased aggression.
b. lack of any emotions.
c. avoidance of all socialization.
d. lowered social status in the hierarchy.
Q:
Animals with damage to the amygdala:
a. neither learn new fears nor retain previously learned fears.
b. fail to show a startle response to any stimulus.
c. become extremely aggressive and emotional.
d. are unable to store new memories of any kind.
Q:
Which of the following effects would result from damage to the amygdala?
a. lack of a startle response
b. a normal startle response, but absence of learned fears
c. an enhanced startle response and an enhanced response to learned fears
d. a fear response to any novel stimulus
Q:
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is able to reinfect cats when the cats:
a. come into close contact with other infected cats.
b. are bitten by scared rats.
c. eat fearless infected rats.
d. are bitten by mosquitos carrying the parasite.
Q:
After damage to the amygdala, what happens to a rat's startle reflex?
A The rat shows no startle reflex.
B The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another.
C The rat shows an exaggerated startle reflex.
D The rat shows a startle reflex only when in the presence of danger signals.