Q&A Hero

Q: Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed? a. fast-twitch muscles b. slow-twitch muscles c. smooth muscles d. intermediate muscles

Q: At high temperatures, a fish relies mostly on its: a. white muscles. b. red muscles. c. blue muscles. d. pink muscles.

Q: Of the three types of skeletal muscles found in fish, which type is least susceptible to fatigue? a. Red b. White c. Blue d. Pink

Q: What are the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle found in fish (red, pink, and white)? a. speed of contraction b. susceptibility to fatigue c. both speed of contraction and susceptibility to fatigue d. only their color

Q: A fish will adjust to lower water temperatures by: a. increasing the speed of its action potentials. b. increasing the amplitude of its action potentials. c. recruiting different muscle fibers. d. increasing its basal metabolic rate.

Q: What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures? a. Muscle fibers contract more vigorously than at high temperatures. b. The fish swims more slowly. c. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly. d. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more slowly.

Q: In movement the, ____ muscle straightens the arm.a. Flexorb. Striatedc. Extensord. Skeletal

Q: A deficit of acetylcholine or its receptors: a. cause involuntary movement b. increase movement c. impair movement d. does not affect movement

Q: At the elbow, the ____ brings the hand toward the shoulder. a. extensor muscle b. flexor muscle c. striated muscle d. skeletal muscle

Q: The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers. a. four b. three c. one d. two

Q: The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s). a. two, three b. one, three c. three, two d. three one

Q: A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in ____ of the arm. a. flexion b. extension c. no movement d. rotation

Q: Which muscle is "antagonistic" to a flexor muscle in the right arm? a. a flexor muscle in the right arm b. an extensor muscle in the left arm c. an extensor muscle in the right arm d. another flexor muscle in the right arm

Q: What will cause a muscle to relax? a. electrical stimulation b. absence of acetylcholine c. presence of norepinephrine d. presence of epinephrine

Q: The absence of acetylcholine will cause a muscle to:a. relax.b. contract.c. fatigue.d. stretch.

Q: Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles. a. many different neurotransmitters b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. acetylcholine

Q: When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to: a. always relax. b. always contract. c. relax or contract, depending on the transmitter. d. relax or contract, depending on the duration and amount of transmitter.

Q: Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called: a. extensor muscles. b. flexor muscles. c. cardiac muscles. d. antagonistic muscles.

Q: A neuromuscular junction is a synapse: a. where a sensory axon delivering information from a muscle meets a neuron. b. where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber. c. specific to cardiac muscles. d. where a muscle excites or inhibits a neuron.

Q: What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber? a. neuromuscular junction b. polar junction c. muscle spindle d. neurofiber synapse

Q: You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because: a. they have many muscle fibers per motor neuron. b. they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron. c. the axons in the fingers have faster action potentials. d. you have learned how to write.

Q: The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the: a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles. b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles. c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not. d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons.

Q: What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers? a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber. b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements. c. The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements. d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.

Q: Cardiac muscles have properties: a. just like those of smooth muscles. b. just like those of skeletal muscles. c. just like those of antagonistic muscles. d. intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal.

Q: Internal organs are to ____ as movement of the body is to ____. a. smooth muscles; rough muscles b. smooth muscles; striated muscles c. striated muscles; skeletal muscles d. antagonistic muscles; skeletal muscles

Q: The heart is to ____ as movement of the body is to ____. a. smooth muscles; rough muscles b. cardiac muscles; striated muscles c. striated muscles; skeletal muscles d. antagonistic muscles; skeletal muscles

Q: What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. syncarpous

Q: What type of muscle controls movements of internal organs? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic

Q: What type of muscle controls movements of the heart? a. smooth b. striated c. cardiac d. antagonistic

Q: In infancy, the sea squirt has a brain until it: a. mates. b. stops moving. c. eats clown fish. d. migrates to open water.

Q: Ultimately, the purpose of having a brain is to: a. control movement. b. solve logical problems. c. control hormone release. d. comprehend language.

Q: The more glutamine repeats that a person has, the earlier the age of onset of Huntington's disease.

Q: The gene for Huntington's disease is recessive.

Q: Huntington's disease is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene.

Q: In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.

Q: Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful.

Q: Dopamine neurons are more vulnerable than most other neurons to damage caused by metabolic problems.

Q: Late-onset Parkinson's disease is largely determined by genetics.

Q: Parkinson's symptoms usually don't appear until 70-80% of the substantia nigra neurons have died.

Q: People with cerebellar damage are faster at shifting their attention to a particular visual location.

Q: The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of alcohol intoxication.

Q: Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the corticospinal tracts.

Q: The sensory cortex produces a kind of activity called a readiness potential before any voluntary movement.

Q: Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement.

Q: The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of movements.

Q: The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.

Q: People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex when they want to move.

Q: The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.

Q: Control of a single muscle is distributed over a population of cells in the motor cortex.

Q: The motor cortex has direct connections to the muscles.

Q: A fixed sequence of movements is called a motor program.

Q: Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord.

Q: Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.

Q: Allied reflexes are stronger in infants and children than adults.

Q: Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults.

Q: Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.

Q: The stretch reflex is caused by a stretch of the muscle.

Q: Marathon runners build up muscle fibers that are also helpful for sprinting.

Q: The relative percentage of fast- and slow-twitch fibers is unchangeable after birth.

Q: Fast-twitch fibers have fast contractions and rapid fatigue.

Q: A fish swimming in cold water can swim rapidly, but fatigues much faster.

Q: Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia gravis.

Q: In skeletal muscles, every axon releases dopamine.

Q: A striated muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment.

Q: Briefly describe the nature of Parkinson's disease. Include a discussion of its causes and possible treatments.

Q: Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cerebellum.

Q: Describe the relationship of conscious decisions and movements. What may this relationship reveal about consciousness?

Q: Describe the significance of mirror neurons.

Q: Describe the areas and major functions of the primary motor cortex (include the relevant areas near to the motor cortex).

Q: Why is L-dopa effective in treating Parkinson's patients, but not dopamine?

Q: What are the three main structures of the basal ganglia?

Q: What is the main function of the posterior parietal cortex?

Q: Briefly describe the Babinski reflex.

Q: How do fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers differ?

Q: What is the neuromuscular junction?

Q: Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington's disease?a. Enhancing formation of glutamine chainsb. Increasing production of huntingtinc. Blocking formation of glutamine chain clusteringd. Decreasing production of BDNF

Q: One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to: a. increase dopamine release. b. damage the nucleus. c. block acetylcholine receptors. d. prevent the release of BDNF.

Q: The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called: a. huntingtin. b. chorea. c. protein #4. d. C-A-G.

Q: The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the disease but also: a. the approximate age of onset. b. what other diseases the person will get. c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease. d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later.

Q: The sequence of bases repeated more often in people with Huntington's disease is: a. T-A-G. b. C-A-G. c. C-A-T. d. H-U-N.