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Q:
After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-nose test?
a. The initial rapid movement to the nose
b. The second step involving the hold function
c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement
d. Both the second and third steps
Q:
A saccade is initiated by impulses from the:
a. spinal cord.
b. hypothalamus.
c. cerebellum.
d. hippocampus.
Q:
What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from one focus point to another?
a. gyration
b. sclerosis
c. slide
d. saccade
Q:
Patients with damage to the cerebellum are impaired at ____ movements, but relatively normal in making ____ movements.
a. continuous, rapid
b. imagining, continuous
c. rapid, imagining
d. imagining, rapid
Q:
Damage to the cerebellum is most likely to interfere with:
a. lifting weights.
b. the ability to remember a series of events.
c. rapid movements that require timing.
d. chewing and swallowing.
Q:
Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?
a. Reticular formation
b. Cerebellum
c. Ventromedial hypothalamus
d. Parasympathetic nervous system
Q:
If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you probably have suffered damage to the:
a. reticular formation.
b. cerebellum.
c. hippocampus.
d. hypothalamus.
Q:
What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?
a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both.
b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion.
c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other.
d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.
Q:
Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled by which motor system?
a. Dorsolateral tract
b. Medial tract
c. Supplementary
d. Hippocampal
Q:
Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
c. Bilateral
d. Dorsolateral
Q:
The tract that includes many axons from the primary motor cortex, the reticular formation, and the vestibular nucleus is the:
a. pyramids of the medulla.
b. medial tract.
c. dorsolateral tract.
d. cerebellar tract.
Q:
Which behaviors would most likely be impaired by damage to the lateral tract?
a. Writing a check
b. Walking
c. Standing
d. Digesting food
Q:
Lateral tract axons are responsible for movements in the:
a. arms, hands, and toes.
b. trunk.
c. face and head.
d. internal organs.
Q:
Damage to one side of the lateral tract below the level of the medulla would most likely affect:
a. fine motor control on the opposite side of the body.
b. fine motor control on the same side of the body.
c. bilateral control of the neck, shoulders, and trunk.
d. rapid ballistic movements.
Q:
The lateral tract cross over point is in the:
a. pyramids of the medulla.
b. spinal cord.
c. reticular formation.
d. vestibular nucleus.
Q:
Most of the axons of the pyramidal tract go to which side of the body?
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
c. Bilateral
d. Ventrolateral
Q:
Axons of the lateral corticospinal tract extend to what area?a. cerebellumb. cerebral cortexc. spinal cordd. Thalamus
Q:
Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the:
a. pyramidalspinal tracts.
b. horizontalspinal tracts.
c. dorsospinal tracts.
d. corticospinal tracts.
Q:
People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.
a. feelings of intention
b. the ability to make conscious decisions
c. a sense of timing
d. muscle strength
Q:
Studies on conscious decisions regarding voluntary movements suggest that:
a. we are conscious of our decision before brain activity is generated for movement.
b. voluntary movements are the result of free will.
c. brain activity for the movement begins before we are conscious of our decision.
d. we are unable to judge when we make conscious decisions.
Q:
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.
a. readiness potential
b. action potential
c. evoked potential
d. motor potential
Q:
Children with ____ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror neurons.
a. MS
b. polio
c. autism
d. ADHD
Q:
Mirror neurons are active when:
a. viewing mirror images.
b. watching others perform movements.
c. identifying ourselves in the mirror.
d. playing the piano.
Q:
Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
a. primary motor cortex
b. spinal cord
c. mirror
d. observational
Q:
Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which of the following motor areas?
a. posterior parietal lobe
b. primary motor cortex
c. premotor cortex
d. supplementary motor cortex
Q:
Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.
a. premotor cortex
b. prefrontal cortex
c. supplementary motor cortex
d. tabes dorsalis
Q:
A quick typist would rely heavily on the ____ cortex to organize smooth sequences of finger movements.
a. supplementary motor
b. premotor
c. prefrontal
d. occipital
Q:
The supplementary motor cortex becomes active:
a. during the second or two after a movement.
b. during the second or two prior to a movement.
c. only during a movement.
d. only after a movement.
Q:
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.
a. posterior parietal cortex
b. secondary motor cortex
c. somatosensory cortex
d. supplementary motor cortex
Q:
The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the:
a. premotor cortex.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. supplementary motor cortex.
d. tabes dorsalis.
Q:
When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
a. In preparation for movements
b. During movements
c. At or after the end of movements
d. During inhibition of movements
Q:
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex:
a. can't locate the source of sounds.
b. lose their ability to see everything.
c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it.
d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it.
Q:
The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active during the movement itself is the:
a. premotor cortex.
b. somatosensory cortex.
c. inferior temporal cortex.
d. tabes dorsalis.
Q:
Which of the following would most likely happen with damage to the prefrontal cortex?
a. Inability to move
b. Loss of somatosensory experiences
c. Poorly planned movements
d. No effect on movement
Q:
The premotor cortex:
a. is the main area for touch and other body information.
b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
Q:
The prefrontal cortex:
a. is the main area for touch and other body information.
b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
Q:
People with posterior parietal damage:
a. cannot walk toward something they hear.
b. have trouble converting vision into action.
c. can walk toward something they see but cannot reach out to grasp it.
d. cannot accurately describe what they see.
Q:
People with posterior parietal damage:
a. can see an object, but are unable to describe it.
b. have good hand-eye coordination only if they close one eye.
c. have difficulty accurately locating and approaching a sound.
d. will not step over an obstacle, although they can accurately describe it.
Q:
The posterior parietal cortex:
a. is the main area for touch and other body information.
b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
Q:
Longer stimulation (1/2 sec) of the arm region of a monkey's motor cortex results in:
a. brief muscle twitches of the arm.
b. repetitive muscle twitches of the fingers.
c. a fixed set of muscle movements such as contraction of the biceps.
d. a fixed outcome using different muscle movements depending on the initial position of the arm.
Q:
Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in:
a. relaxation.
b. muscle twitching.
c. laughing.
d. complex, coordinated movements.
Q:
In order to elicit movement, the motor cortex:
a. has direct connections to the muscles.
b. sends axons to the brainstem and spinal cord.
c. controls isolated movement in a single muscle.
d. relies on feedback from individual muscle fibers.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in a human?
a. yawning
b. a list of things to do today
c. a baby's first steps
d. a teenager learning to drive
Q:
Which of the following behaviors would most likely result from activity of central pattern generators?
a. a dog shaking itself to dry off
b. catching a baseball
c. playing the piano
d. yawning
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?
a. flapping wings if suddenly dropped
b. learning to fly
c. stretching its wings but not flapping them
d. flapping its wings while eating
Q:
A motor program is a:
a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback.
b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements.
c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk.
d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion.
Q:
Central pattern generators:
a. contribute to rhythmic patterns of movement.
b. generate movement which is unresponsive to environmental stimulation.
c. constrict the pupils in response to bright light.
d. control all reflexes in adult humans.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a ballistic movement?
a. threading a needle
b. singing a song
c. picking up a newspaper
d. a reflexive knee jerk
Q:
A ballistic movement:
a. is a rhythmic alternation between two movements.
b. is guided by feedback during the course of the movement.
c. proceeds automatically once it has been triggered.
d. tends to overcorrect itself.
Q:
Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an example of:
a. the rooting reflex.
b. an allied reflex.
c. a Babinski reflex.
d. a ballistic movement.
Q:
You most likely expect the Babinski reflex to occur in a(n):
a. person with Parkinson's disease.
b. male teenager.
c. child born without feet.
d. adult with damage to the cerebral cortex.
Q:
The Babinski reflex clinically occurs in a(n):
a. person with Parkinson's disease.
b. adult with damage to the cerebral cortex.
c. child born without feet.
d. person with Huntington's disease.
Q:
If a neurologist tests an adult patient for infant reflexes, the neurologist is probably trying to determine whether the person has suffered damage to the:
a. cerebral cortex.
b. toe.
c. peripheral motor system.
d. cerebellum.
Q:
In adulthood, the rooting and Babinski reflexes:
a. continue to occur, just as in infancy.
b. are completely lost, as the reflexive connections disappear.
c. are suppressed, but they can return if cortical activity decreases.
d. are suppressed, but they can return if the person is motivated.
Q:
What is the stimulus for the rooting reflex?
a. Stroking the sole of the foot
b. Placing an object firmly in the palm of the hand
c. Touching the cheek near the mouth
d. A loud noise
Q:
What is the stimulus for the Babinski reflex?
a. Stroking the sole of the foot
b. Placing an object firmly in the palm of the hand
c. Touching the cheek near the mouth
d. A loud noise
Q:
The rooting reflex and the Babinski reflex are characteristic of which group?
a. infants, but not normal adults
b. adults, but not normal infants
c. humans, but not non-humans
d. non-humans, but not humans
Q:
Infants have several reflexes, such as the ____ and the ____, that are not seen in adults.
a. knee-jerk reflex; rooting reflex
b. Babinski reflex; knee-jerk reflex
c. rooting reflex; Babinski reflex
d. knee-jerk reflex; grasp reflex
Q:
A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____ reflexes.
a. constriction
b. slow
c. stretch
d. fast
Q:
What experience is similar to losing proprioception?
a. Losing your sense of equilibrium
b. Walking on a leg that has "fallen asleep"
c. Having a phantom limb
d. Teeth chattering in the cold
Q:
Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
a. contraction; inhibition of contraction
b. inhibition of contraction; contraction
c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
d. contraction; contraction
Q:
Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in muscle ____.
a. tension; fatigue
b. fatigue; tension
c. stretch; tension
d. tension; stretch
Q:
Slow and continuous stretching exercises could relax a muscle by:
a. stretching the muscle spindle organs.
b. decreasing glucose utilization.
c. stretching the Golgi tendon organs.
d. increasing muscle fiber density.
Q:
The role of the Golgi tendon organs is to:
a. prevent extreme muscle contractions.
b. guard against fatigue of muscles.
c. produce rapid repetitive movements such as finger tapping.
d. regulate blood flow to the tendons and muscles.
Q:
Which type of proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tension?
a. Golgi tendon organ
b. fast-twitch fiber
c. muscle spindle
d. slow-twitch fiber
Q:
A Golgi tendon organ responds to:
a. increases in muscle tension.
b. decreases in muscle tension.
c. increases in muscle spindles.
d. decreases in muscle spindles.
Q:
A tap on the knee just below the kneecap will elicit extension of the leg. This reflex indicates that:
a. muscle spindles have been stretched.
b. Golgi tendon organs have been stretched.
c. neurons have been damaged in the spinal cord.
d. muscle spindles have been relaxed.
Q:
A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which kind of receptor?
a. a Golgi tendon organ
b. an oscillator
c. a muscle spindle
d. a vestibular organ
Q:
A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message starts in the:
a. dorsal root ganglion.
b. cerebellum.
c. Pacinian corpuscles.
d. muscle spindles.
Q:
A muscle spindle responds to the:
a. oxygen level in the muscle.
b. acetylcholine concentration at the nerve-muscle junction.
c. fatigue of the muscle.
d. stretch of the muscle.
Q:
A boxer's ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent on the sense of:
a. proprioception.
b. somatosensation.
c. pain.
d. vision.
Q:
Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?
a. extensors and contractors
b. contractors and muscle spindles
c. muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
d. muscle spindles and extensors
Q:
The stretch reflex:
a. results in a stretch.
b. is caused by a stretch.
c. inhibits motor neurons.
d. sends a message for a muscle to relax.
Q:
A proprioceptor is sensitive to the:
a. degree of relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle tissue.
b. position and movement of a part of the body.
c. percentage of fibers that are contracting within a muscle bundle.
d. degree of fatigue in a muscle.
Q:
Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of fibers in her legs?
a. slow-twitch
b. fast-twitch
c. smooth muscle
d. striated muscle
Q:
Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?
a. slow-twitch
b. fast-twitch
c. smooth muscle
d. white muscle
Q:
Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is:
a. aerobic.
b. anaerobic.
c. anabolic.
d. abolic.
Q:
Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:
a. intermediate fibers.
b. anaerobic contraction.
c. fast-twitch fibers.
d. slow-twitch fibers.
Q:
During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____.
a. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose
b. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically
c. glucose use increases
d. glucose use decreases
Q:
If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what could we infer about its behavior?
a. It could chase prey over long distances.
b. It could chase prey only over short distances.
c. It probably travels constantly.
d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.