Q&A Hero

Q: Recent researchers have felt that Lashley's conclusions about the results of his search for the engram reflected some inappropriate assumptions. One of those assumptions was that: a. memory involves a physical change in the nervous system. b. that all kinds of memory are physiologically the same. c. more than one kind of memory exists. d. different memories involve different sets of neurons.

Q: Recent researchers have felt that Lashley's conclusions about the results of his search for the engram reflected some inappropriate assumptions. One of those assumptions was that: A memory involves a physical change in the nervous system. B all kinds of memory are physiologically the same. C more than one kind of memory exists. D different memories change different sets of neurons.

Q: The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better, defines: a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. equipotentiality. d. mass action.

Q: "All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" defines: a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. equipotentiality. d. mass action.

Q: Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain: a. only the removal of frontal lobe tissue disrupted performance. b. only the removal of parietal lobe tissue disrupted performance. c. the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location. d. he found no loss of memories at all.

Q: Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any? a. if the cut was made after the learning b. if the learned task was simple c. if the learned task was complex d. under none of the circumstances he studied

Q: Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced: a. a temporary impairment. b. a permanent impairment. c. day-to-day fluctuations in performance. d. little apparent effect.

Q: Karl Lashley called the physical basis of learning a(n): a. amyloid. b. engram. c. plaque. d. synapse.

Q: Lashley's term "engram" refers to: a. a drug that facilitates learning. b. the physical representation of learning. c. a procedure that improved memory. d. an automatic response to a sensory stimulus.

Q: In his search for the engram, Lashley was testing: a. Pavlov's view of classical conditioning. b. Skinner's view of operant conditioning. c. Garcia's view of taste aversion learning. d. Bandura's view of social learning.

Q: Pavlov believed that classical conditioning reflected a strengthened connection between two brain areas that were activated by: a. reinforcement and punishment. b. the response and a consequence. c. the UCS and UCR. d. the CS and UCS.

Q: Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____. a. reinforcement; punishment b. CS; UCS c. association; consequences d. consequences; association

Q: Which of the following is hardest to classify as classical or operant conditioning? a. pressing a lever to get food b. pressing a lever to escape shock c. salivating after a sound previously paired with food d. song learning by male birds

Q: In operant conditioning, punishment is: a. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response. b. an event that decreases the future probability of a response. c. an event that increases the future probability of a response. d. an event that prevents a response.

Q: Giving a dolphin a treat when it does a summersault would be considered a(n): a. reinforcement. b. punishment. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response.

Q: In operant conditioning, reinforcement is: a. any food that the organism likes. b. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response. c. an event that decreases the future probability of a response. d. an event that increases the future probability of a response.

Q: What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? a. The conditioned stimulus should be presented first. b. The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first. c. They should be presented simultaneously. d. It depends on what each stimulus is.

Q: In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

Q: In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

Q: In Pavlov's experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The meat in this experiment was the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

Q: In Pavlov's experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the: a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned stimulus. d. conditioned response.

Q: Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect activity of the cortex by enhancing the effects of acetylcholine.

Q: After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.

Q: Sensitization is the opposite of habituation.

Q: Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.

Q: Impaired arousal and attention in Alzheimer's patients is largely due to damage to the basal forebrain.

Q: The genes controlling early-onset Alzheimer's disease cause a protein called amyloid-

Q: Alzheimer's patients have better explicit memory than implicit memory.

Q: A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps.

Q: Korsakoff's patients perform better on tasks of implicit memory than explicit memory.

Q: Thiamine is necessary for the proper metabolism of glucose.

Q: Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory.

Q: Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words.

Q: H. M. had particularly severe impairment of episodic memories, or memories of single events.

Q: H.M. was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery.

Q: A common test of working memory is the delayed response task.

Q: To replace the concept of short-term memory, A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch introduced the term delayed memory to refer to the way we store information while we are working at it.

Q: Information in short term memory is lost more easily than long term memory.

Q: The lateral interpositus nucleus in the cerebellum is essential for learning.

Q: Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus.

Q: Lashley was able to determine that the frontal lobe cortex is more important for memories than the parietal lobe cortex.

Q: In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley found that removal of larger areas of cortex resulted in the greatest impairment of memory.

Q: Punishment makes it less likely for a behavior to occur again in the future.

Q: In operant conditioning, an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.

Q: The UCR and the CR are always the same.

Q: Describe the role of the other brain areas besides the hippocampus in memory function.

Q: Describe the brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease.

Q: Describe the some of the experiments testing the hippocampus's role in spatial memory.

Q: Describe the types of memory problems displayed by Patient H.M.

Q: Describe Lashley's concept of an Engram.

Q: Briefly describe how LTP occurs, including how glutamate and its receptors are involved.

Q: What is sensitization as it relates to memory research?

Q: What is habituation as it relates to memory research?

Q: What is Korsakoff's syndrome?

Q: Describe the delayed matching-to-sample task.

Q: Describe the difference between declarative and procedural memory.

Q: Researchers have found several drugs, including ____, which weaken memories of recent events.a. gingko bilobab. prozacc. propanolold. clozapine

Q: Some memory-enhancing supplements appear to act in common by: a. increasing blood flow to the brain. b. blocking LTP. c. decreasing calcium levels. d. stimulating acetylcholine receptors.

Q: The most enduring forms of LTP depend on changes in the: a. presynaptic neuron only. b. postsynaptic neuron only. c. pre and postsynaptic neurons. d. dendritic branching.

Q: Retrograde transmitters: a. are produced in the axon terminals. b. inhibit the postsynaptic cell. c. are broken down before they are released. d. are released by the postsynaptic cell.

Q: Drugs that block NMDA synapses: a. interfere with the maintenance of LTP. b. prevent the establishment of LTP. c. facilitate the maintenance of LTP. d. facilitate the establishment of LTP.

Q: Blocking NMDA synapses has what effect, if any, on LTP? a. There is no effect on LTP. b. It enhances the establishment of LTP. c. It prevents the establishment of LTP. d. In prevents the maintenance of previously established LTP.

Q: Once LTP has been established: a. it remains dependent on NMDA synapses. b. it fades quickly. c. AMPA receptors convert into NMDA receptors. d. the AMPA receptors are more responsive to glutamate.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a way in which CaMKII facilitates LTP? a. Dendrites build more AMPA receptors. b. Neurons produce more NMDA receptors. c. Individual AMPA receptors become more active. d. Neurons decrease dendritic branching.

Q: A diet low in calcium could possible interfere with learning by preventing: a. the sodium potassium pump from working. b. dendrite migration. c. NMDA receptor production. d. activation of CaMKII.

Q: CaMKII is directly activated by: a. calcium b. sodium c. GABA d. potassium

Q: When glutamate massively stimulates AMPA receptors, the resulting depolarization: a. keeps glutamate from stimulating nearby NMDA receptors. b. keeps calcium from entering the cell. c. enables glutamate to stimulate nearby NMDA receptors. d. inhibits the dendrite's responsiveness to glutamate.

Q: What is known to be critical for long-term potentiation? a. high levels of magnesium b. only one axon being active at a time c. the absence of NMDA receptors d. a massive inflow of calcium

Q: The NMDA receptor responds to its transmitters when: a. magnesium is present in the membrane. b. enough sodium ions exit through AMPA channels. c. the membrane is already at least partly depolarized. d. the dendrite is depolarized enough to produce an action potential.

Q: Under most conditions, NMDA receptors do NOT respond to their neurotransmitter because: a. magnesium ions block the passage of calcium through the receptor's channel. b. too many sodium ions enter through the AMPA channels. c. any recent depolarization of the membrane inactivates the NMDA receptors. d. the channel can open only when the potassium concentration inside the neuron exceeds a certain high level.

Q: In addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires: a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. increased release of magnesium ions from the presynaptic neuron. d. removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels.

Q: At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of which type of receptor? a. Nicotinic b. Muscarinic c. NMDA d. GABA

Q: Long-term potentiation produces a long-term enhancement of glutamate responses at A AMPA synapses. B NMDA synapses. C both AMPA and NMDA synapses. D neither AMPA nor NMDA synapses.

Q: At many hippocampal synapses, long-term potentiation depends on the activation of NMDA receptors, which are responsive to: a. GABA. b. glutamate. c. dopamine. d. norepinephrine.

Q: A long-term depression (LTD) in a neuron is a decreased response at synapses that occurs when: a. axons fire rapidly. b. axons fire slowly. c. an excitatory synapse and an inhibitory synapse fire together. d. an axon excites a synaptic receptor distant from its usual site.

Q: Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to the weak input. This is known as the property of: a. specificity. b. cooperativity c. associativity. d. LTD.

Q: A man who has suffered from damage to the cerebellar cortex is given the finger-to-nose test. He is most likely to have trouble with which part of the task? a. Understanding the instructions b. Controlling the initial, rapid movement c. Holding his finger steady following the initial, rapid movement d. Moving his finger to his nose following the brief hold function

Q: The symptoms of cerebellar damage resemble those of: a. a heart attack. b. Parkinson's disease. c. intoxication. d. mental illness.

Q: The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in: a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target. b. holding a finger in a steady position. c. using the hands to lift heavy weights. d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand.

Q: The finger-to-nose test is a common way of testing for possible damage to what structure? a. Spinal cord b. Basal ganglia c. Medulla d. Cerebellum