Q&A Hero

Q: Alzheimer's patients are relatively unimpaired in: a. declarative memory. b. procedural memory. c. short-term memory. d. implicit and explicit memory.

Q: As with Korsakoff's patients, Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory, but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory. a. short-term; long-term b. implicit; explicit c. procedural; declarative d. declarative; procedural

Q: Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by: a. reading and rereading them. b. testing themselves on each sentence before going on to the next. c. creating an elaborate story integrating the content of the sentences. d. relating each sentence to a past personal experience.

Q: What is confabulation? a. confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience b. having the two sides of the body working antagonistically c. confusing procedural memory for declarative memory d. remembering names, but being unable to put them with a face

Q: Confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience is referred to as: a. procedural memory. b. declarative memory. c. configuration. d. confabulation.

Q: What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty? a. recall the temporal order of events b. remember someone he or she met in the past week c. an implicit memory task d. an explicit memory task

Q: When Korsakoff's syndrome patients read over a list of words, what evidence of memory, if any, do they demonstrate? a. None at all. b. They remember the first word and the last word only. c. They remember reading a list, although they cannot remember any of the words. d. They say many of the correct words if they are given the first three letters.

Q: When prompted with cues, Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen. This exemplifies what kind of memory? a. reference b. procedural c. implicit d. explicit

Q: People with Korsakoff's syndrome show: a. better implicit than explicit memory. b. better explicit than implicit memory. c. better declarative than procedural memory. d. memory for the order of events, but not memory for colors of common objects.

Q: Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the: a. amygdala. b. prefrontal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.

Q: What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome? a. only anterograde amnesia b. only retrograde amnesia c. anterograde and retrograde amnesia d. neither anterograde nor retrograde amnesia

Q: Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome. a. prefrontal cortex b. basal ganglia c. occipital cortex d. precentral gyrus

Q: A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is: a. tremors. b. dementia. c. memory loss. d. confabulation.

Q: A disorder most often associated with damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and mamillary bodies is: a. Alzheimer's disease. b. Korsakoff's syndrome. c. phenylketonuria. d. Down syndrome.

Q: Korsakoff's syndrome is a disorder most often associated with damage to the: a. dorsomedial thalamus and mamillary bodies. b. anterior thalamus and fornix. c. dorsomedial thalamus and hippocampus d. anterior thalamus and mamillary bodies.

Q: Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the: a. cingulate gyrus. b. occipital lobe. c. dorsomedial thalamus. d. cerebellum.

Q: Who is most likely to develop Korsakoff's syndrome? a. those exposed to chronic stress b. chronic alcoholics c. certain ethnic groups d. vegetarians

Q: What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome? a. Thiamine b. Protein c. Sodium d. Calcium

Q: As time passes, memory becomes less detailed, less dependent on the hippocampus, and more dependent on the: a. basal ganglia b. Amygdala c. cerebral cortex d. Thalamus

Q: The hippocampus is more important for remembering the ____ of memory and less necessary for remembering the ____. A gist; contextual details B contextual details; gist C visual aspects; auditory aspects D auditory aspects; visual aspects

Q: The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory? A procedural B episodic C short-term D implicit

Q: Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter. What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food? a. overall brain size b. relative size of the cortex c. relative size of the amygdala d. relative size of the hippocampus

Q: A number of species of birds differ in the size of their hippocampus. The species with the largest hippocampus performs best on tasks of: a. spatial memory. b. color memory. c. auditory memory. d. implicit memory.

Q: There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory. a. short term b. implicit c. spatial d. auditory

Q: Which of the following experiments would be a reasonable test of whether an animal has suffered damage to its hippocampus? a. Does it reenter a single arm before entering all the other appropriate arms in a radial maze? b. Does it sometimes enter an arm in a radial maze that is never correct? c. Can it learn to climb along a thin wire without losing its balance? d. Can it learn to turn one direction when it hears a loud tone and a different direction when it hears a soft tone?

Q: A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris search task because it: a. loses its motivation to find the platform. b. cannot remember how to swim. c. has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial. d. develops a water phobia.

Q: In the Morris search task, a rat with hippocampal damage will: a. not be able to find the platform. b. easily be able to find the platform regardless of where it is. c. gradually learn the route if the starting and ending point are the same. d. find the platform, but never remember where it was.

Q: A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the: a. radial maze. b. Morris search task. c. configurable learning task. d. delayed matching-to-sample task.

Q: A ____ has eight or more arms, some of which have a bit of food or other reinforcer at the end. a. radial maze b. Morris maze c. Thompson maze d. spatial maze

Q: A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to: a. enter an alley at random. b. fail to eat the food they find. c. enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly. d. enter an alley that is never correct.

Q: A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____. a. nonspatial questions; spatial questions b. spatial questions; nonspatial questions c. long questions; short questions d. short questions; long questions

Q: What area of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial information? a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. pons d. reticular formation

Q: If a researcher makes minor changes to the procedure of the delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks, monkeys with hippocampal damage: a. perform well, regardless of the procedure. b. perform poorly, regardless of the procedure. c. perform differently, depending on the procedure. d. improve temporarily, regardless of procedure, and then return to their normal level of performance.

Q: Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on: a. the delayed match-to-sample task when the same two objects are used over and over again. b. the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed. c. the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task when the same two objects are used over and over again. d. procedural memory.

Q: Damage to the ____ impairs performance on the delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. hippocampus d. parietal cortex

Q: The delayed matching-to-sample task is considered to be an example of: a. declarative memory. b. procedural memory. c. the Morris search task. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

Q: Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____. a. jogging; walking b. reading; writing c. carrying on a conversation; listening to the radio d. juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling

Q: One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task. a. procedural; explicit b. explicit; procedural c. declarative; implicit d. implicit; procedural

Q: Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems? a. impaired short-term memory, but not long-term memory b. impaired procedural memory, but not declarative memory c. impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory d. impaired personal memories, but not impersonal memories

Q: Which of these types of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus? A short-term memory B implicit memory C episodic memory D procedural memory

Q: The ability to state a memory in words is termed: a. procedural memory. b. declarative memory. c. implicit memory. d. short term memory.

Q: The memory for the development of motor skills is termed: a. priming. b. explicit memory. c. procedural memory. d. declarative memory.

Q: Individuals with amnesia who play video games such as Tetris: a. remember playing the game, but do not improve performance. b. don't remember playing the game, but improve their performance. c. never get any better. d. are more likely to do better on spatial rotation tasks.

Q: ____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence. a. Priming. b. Explicit memory. c. Procedural memory. d. Implicit memory

Q: Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed: a. priming. b. explicit memory. c. procedural memory. d. declarative memory.

Q: A peculiarity of the memory of the neurological patient H.M. was that he was able to: a. retain new skills but not remember having learned them. b. form new long-term memories but not short-term memories. c. find his way to a new residence. d. remember people's names but not which name went with which person.

Q: H.M. was able to learn and remember: a. people's names. b. how to find his way to a new residence. c. skills like mazes and puzzles. d. events in recent history.

Q: After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with: a. learning new procedural tasks. b. remembering events long before the surgery. c. being able to define new English words. d. IQ tests.

Q: The patient H.M., who had major surgery for severe epilepsy in 1953, suffered a severe difficulty in remembering events: a. in working memory. b. during or after 1953. c. long before 1953. d. of his childhood.

Q: Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural

Q: The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural

Q: Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____. a. temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory b. loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory c. inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events d. loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories

Q: Anterograde amnesia is to ____ as retrograde amnesia is to ____. a. storing new memories; memories of the past b. memories just prior to the damage; memories from childhood c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. emotional memories; non-emotional memories

Q: The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the: a. corpus callosum. b. hippocampus. c. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus. d. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus.

Q: One would most accurately describe H.M.'s memory problems as the inability to form: A short-term memories. B new implicit memories. C new episodic memories. D new procedural memories.

Q: Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory. a. dementia b. amnesia c. epilepsy d. stroke

Q: Which of the following drug types is most promising for treating people with failing memory? a. Tranquilizers b. Endorphins c. Depressants d. Stimulants

Q: Compared to young adults, aging humans with poor working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex. a. decreased, decreased b. increased, increased c. increased, decreased d. decreased, increased

Q: Which brain area is active in monkeys during a delay when they have to remember the location of a light and look there only after a several-second delay? a. cerebellum b. the prefrontal cortex c. the occipital lobes d. ventromedial hypothalamus

Q: The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____. a. in the distant past b. a short while ago c. right at that time d. in a meaningful way

Q: According to Baddeley and Hitch, a common test of working memory is the: a. delayed response task b. reconsolidation task c. consolidation task d. working memory task

Q: The general function of working memory is to: a. hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage. b. store memories of life events permanently. c. attend to and operate on current information. d. store information related to repetitious motor movements.

Q: Researchers proposed that all information initially entered a short-term storage, where it stayed until the brain had time to ____ it into long-term memory. a. transpose b. rehearse c. consolidate d. transfer

Q: Donald Hebb distinguished between two kinds of memory because he could not imagine how a single kind of brain change could be both: A axonal and synaptic. B cognitive and muscular. C positive and negative. D quick and permanent.

Q: Hebb believed that short-term memory: a. should not be distinguished from long-term memory. b. was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory. c. was more important than long-term memory. d. was low-level memory.

Q: Short-term memory may be characterized as: a. having a limited capacity. b. having an unlimited capacity. c. elaborative in nature. d. rehearsal free.

Q: Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called A implicit and explicit. B declarative and procedural. C short-term and long-term. D repressed and unrepressed.

Q: A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems, including: a. poor eyesight. b. inability to be classically conditioned. c. weakened conditioned eye blinks. d. exaggerated eye blinking.

Q: The cerebellum's role in memories may be limited to what kind of learning or memory? a. language learning b. imprinting c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

Q: If the lateral interpositus nucleus is temporarily suppressed during classical conditioning of the eyeblink response, what happens? A After the nucleus recovers, the animal remembers the training fully. B Future conditioning occurs as if the animal had no previous training. C After the nucleus recovers, the animal learns more slowly than usual. D Future conditioning occurs rapidly, but the animal also forgets rapidly.

Q: Thompson identified one nucleus of the cerebellum, the ____, as essential for learning. a. anterior nucleus b. fastigial nucleus c. red nucleus d. lateral interpositus nucleus

Q: Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus d. the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus

Q: Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for: a. the learning of a conditioned response. b. the performance of a conditioned response. c. the learning AND performance of a conditioned response. d. suppression of the conditioned response.

Q: While studying classical conditioning of the eyelid response in rabbits, investigators suppress the activity of the red nucleus. What results will occur? A That procedure will not interfere with learning. B Learning will not occur. C The response will not occur, but later testing will reveal that learning occurred. D The rabbit will show immediate evidence of learning, but it will forget rapidly.

Q: In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the: a. red nucleus of the midbrain. b. temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. c. lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum. d. ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Q: In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the: a. cerebellum. b. hypothalamus. c. thalamus. d. hippocampus.

Q: Lashley's conclusions from his engram research were based on certain unnecessary assumptions, which later psychologists have discarded. One of those assumptions was that the: a. brain treats all kinds of memory the same way. b. left hemisphere of the brain is simply the mirror image of the right hemisphere. c. physiological mechanisms of learning in rats are similar to those in humans. d. hippocampus is more important for storage than it is for retrieval.

Q: Lashley's conclusions from his engram research were based on certain unnecessary assumptions, which later psychologists have discarded. One of those assumptions was that the: A cerebral cortex is the best or only place to search for an engram. B left hemisphere of the brain is simply the mirror image of the right hemisphere. C physiological mechanisms of learning in rats are similar to those in humans. D hippocampus is more important for storage than it is for retrieval.

Q: Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Not all memories are physiologically the same. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.

Q: Which of the following is one of the reasons that Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Some memories do not depend on the cortex. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.