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Psychology
Q:
Spatial neglect is more common after damage to the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere.
Q:
Dyslexia is a problem with producing speech.
Q:
The parallels between language and music are sufficient to suggest that they arose together.
Q:
Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.
Q:
Patients with Broca's aphasia have a problem with speech production, but not speech comprehension.
Q:
The critical period for learning a second language is shorter than for learning a first language.
Q:
Observations of Williams syndrome indicate that language is not simply a by-product of overall intelligence.
Q:
It is possible for language to be impaired without an associated impairment of intelligence.
Q:
One of the main problems in determining if nonhuman species have language is being able to accurately define what language is.
Q:
Language studies with bonobos suggest that they can understand more than they can produce.
Q:
Most people use only one hemisphere for most tasks.
Q:
Most left-handers have left-hemisphere dominance for speech.
Q:
For more than 95% of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is strongly dominant for speech.
Q:
People born without a corpus callosum can perform many tasks in which split-brain patients fail.
Q:
The left hemisphere appears to be specialized for language before language develops.
Q:
The planum temporale is usually larger in the right hemisphere.
Q:
Recognition of happy or sad faces will occur most rapidly if presented to the right hemisphere.
Q:
The right hemisphere is dominant for recognizing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions in others.
Q:
Normally, a split-brain patient should be able to name an object flashed to the left visual field.
Q:
In most people, the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.
Q:
After surgery, split-brain patients have impaired intellect and motivation.
Q:
Information from the left half of the visual field is processed in the right hemisphere.
Q:
The left and right hemispheres exchange information through a set of axons called the corpus callosum.
Q:
Trunk and facial muscles are controlled by both hemispheres of the brain.
Q:
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.
Q:
Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of:
a. specificity.
b. cooperativity.
c. associativity.
d. LTD.
Q:
If some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened. This is known as the property of:
a. specificity.
b. cooperativity.
c. associativity.
d. NMDA.
Q:
It is hoped that long-term potentiation (LTP) will help to explain:
a. Alzheimer's disease.
b. Korsakoff's syndrome.
c. learning and memory.
d. inherited intelligence.
Q:
If there is a burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it in a rapid series, it is known as:
a. long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli.
b. long-term inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli.
c. potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds.
d. inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds.
Q:
How does one produce long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system?
a. a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds
b. many stimuli spaced at exactly equal intervals over a period of minutes
c. minutes of uninterrupted inhibitory stimulation
d. a simultaneous pairing of an excitatory stimulus and an inhibitory stimulus
Q:
Research on Aplysia shows us that at least one physiological basis for learning involves which of the following?
a. changes in RNA molecules
b. presynaptic changes
c. increased dendrite branching
d. changes in glia
Q:
In Aplysia, sensitization has been found to depend on a series of events that:
a. block sodium channels in the motor neuron.
b. decrease calcium concentration in the area surrounding the sensory neuron.
c. open chloride channels in the motor neuron.
d. block potassium channels in the sensory neuron.
Q:
Following a certain kind of experience in Aplysia, a facilitating interneuron causes changes that block the potassium channels at the end of the axon of the sensory neuron, leading to:
a. sensitization.
b. habituation.
c. both sensitization and habituation.
d. death of the individual sensory neuron.
Q:
Which of the following would most likely interfere with sensitization in the Aplysia?
a. increasing serotonin levels
b. decreasing serotonin levels
c. pinching the skin
d. blocking GABA receptors
Q:
Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that attach to receptors and:
a. open potassium channels in the membrane.
b. close potassium channels in the membrane.
c. opens sodium channels in the membrane.
d. close sodium channels in the membrane.
Q:
Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that release:
a. substance P.
b. serotonin.
c. neuropeptide Y.
d. dopamine.
Q:
Habituation and sensitization differ depending upon whether:
a. the effect is retroactive or proactive.
b. the response grows weaker or stronger.
c. the animal's behavior changes or fails to change.
d. it occurs in all species or just mammals.
Q:
After a series of electrical shocks, a person becomes overresponsive to lights and noises. This exemplifies:
a. habituation.
b. sensitization.
c. operant conditioning.
d. classical conditioning.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of sensitization?
a. Following a series of electrical shocks, a person overresponds to noises.
b. Following a series of loud noises, a person is no longer aroused by additional noises.
c. After repeated pairings of a noise with shock, a person is aroused less than usual by any mild stimulus.
d. After repeated pairings of a noise with shock, a person is aroused less than usual only by the noise.
Q:
During habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, the change in the nervous system takes place at the:
a. axon hillock of the sensory receptor.
b. axon of the motor neuron.
c. synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.
d. inhibitory neurons that connect to the motor neuron.
Q:
Habituation of the gill withdrawal response in Aplysia depends on:
a. muscle fatigue.
b. a decreased response by the sensory nerve to the stimulus.
c. a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.
d. an increase in the inhibitory impulses from sources other than the sensory nerve.
Q:
If you stimulate the gills of an Aplysia by squirting them with a brief jet of seawater, at first it will:
a. ignore the water.
b. withdraw its gills.
c. take in the water through the gills.
d. squirt the water in the direction of the source.
Q:
If a jet of water is repeatedly squirted at the gills of an Aplysia, ____ occurs.
a. sensitization
b. habituation
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning
Q:
If a stimulus is presented repeatedly, followed by no other stimulus, the animal will gradually stop responding. This is known as:
a. sensitization.
b. habituation.
c. classical conditioning.
d. imprinting.
Q:
Why is the Aplysia such a popular animal for single-cell studies of learning?
a. Individual cells identified in one animal can be recognized in another.
b. Aplysia have greater learning abilities than other invertebrates.
c. Aplysia have short-term learning but not long-term learning.
d. Aplysia have only two neurotransmitters, one excitatory and one inhibitory.
Q:
What is a major advantage of Aplysia for studies on the physiology of learning?
a. Their memories are more permanent than those of vertebrates.
b. There are no differences between one neuron and another.
c. There is great similarity of nervous system anatomy from one individual to another.
d. They have only one type of learning.
Q:
It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for:
a. associative learning.
b. reflexes.
c. loudness perception.
d. color vision.
Q:
A "Hebbian" synapse is one in which:
a. activity at that synapse strengthens the response of the postsynaptic neuron to all of its synapses.
b. repeated use of the synapse over a limited period of time leads to habituation.
c. calcium flows into the cell while magnesium flows out of the cell.
d. activity of the synapse, paired with an action potential in the postsynaptic cell, strengthens that synapse.
Q:
What is the current status of research on transfer of training through brain extracts?
a. It is generally accepted that this works under a variety of conditions.
b. Transfer succeeds only in planaria: it has never worked with any other species.
c. It has been revealed that claims of such a phenomenon were based on fraud.
d. Research ended without a conclusion because the phenomenon was difficult to replicate.
Q:
Why did some experimenters in the 1960's and 1970's grind up the brains of some rats and inject extracts into other rats?
a. It was believed that the extra neurotransmitter would speed up learning.
b. It was believed that memories could be transferred in this way.
c. They were interested in brain transplants, and wanted to see if the material would be rejected.
d. Studies of human cannibals had found extraordinary memory abilities.
Q:
One line of research that initially appeared promising, but has since faded, was to study learning in decapitated:
a. fish.
b. rats.
c. monkeys.
d. cockroaches.
Q:
Recent interpretation of Walter Penfield's brain stimulation studies suggests that brain stimulation:
a. produces dreamlike experiences.
b. results in memory of motor skills.
c. is better for recovering lost memories.
d. has no effect.
Q:
When Penfield stimulated the temporal cortex of alert and awake brain surgery patients, he found that they:
a. went into spastic convulsions.
b. remembered specific events from earlier in their lives in great detail.
c. lost all memory for events during and shortly preceding the stimulation.
d. had a dream-like experience.
Q:
Parts of the ____ are important for learning about rewards and punishments.
a. Hypothalamus
b. Fornix
c. prefrontal cortex
d. temporal cortex
Q:
People with damage in the anterior and inferior regions of the temporal lobe suffer:
a. cingulate dementia.
b. implicit dementia.
c. lexical dementia.
d. semantic dementia.
Q:
People with parietal lobe damage the process of ____ is damaged.
a. remembering names
b. associating one event with another
c. episodic memory
d. Speech
Q:
A study of patients with amnesia reveals that people:
a. lose all aspects of memory equally
b. have predictable memory loss
c. can be categorized into distinct forms of memory loss
d. do not lose all aspects of memory equally
Q:
Altered tau protein cannot bind to its usual targets within axons, and so it ____.
a. stops spreading into the cell body and dendrites
b. stops spreading into the cell body only
c. starts spreading into the cell body only
d. starts spreading into the cell body and dendrites
Q:
The study of amnesic patients leads us to the conclusion that people have ____ kind of memory, and that memory depends on ____ of the brain.
a. one; one specific location
b. one; different parts
c. more than one; one specific location
d. more than one; different parts
Q:
Research with rats suggests that the risk for Alzheimer's disease can be reduced by eating a diet rich in:
a. protein.
b. carbohydrates.
c. thiamine.
d. antioxidants.
Q:
A possible treatment for Alzheimer's is the administration of drugs that:
a. stimulate acetylcholine receptors.
b. inhibit the basal forebrain.
c. inhibit acetylcholine release.
d. increase A42production.
Q:
In studies with mice, the antioxidant curcumin reduced:
a. blood pressure.
b. amyloid levels and plaques.
c. acetylcholine release.
d. glutamate levels.
Q:
The most common treatment for Alzheimer's disease is to give drugs that stimulate:
a. dopamine receptors.
b. acetylcholine receptors.
c. tau receptors.
d. GABA receptors.
Q:
Amyloid is to ____, as tau is to ____.
a. plaques, tangles
b. tangles, plaques
c. neurons, glia
d. glia, neurons
Q:
Structures formed from degenerating neuronal cell bodies are called:
a. tau proteins.
b. amyloid beta proteins.
c. tangles.
d. confabulations.
Q:
Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein:
a. is a result of the Alzheimer's disease.
b. are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease.
c. are byproducts of acetylcholine.
d. are byproducts of dying glial cells.
Q:
What is believed to be the likely cause of plaques?
a. a relative deficit of thiamine
b. increased pressure from cerebrospinal fluid
c. amyloid deposits in the brain
d. a relative deficit of acetylcholine
Q:
Plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex are characteristic of people with:
a. retrograde amnesia.
b. anterograde amnesia.
c. Korsakoff's syndrome.
d. Alzheimer's disease.
Q:
Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of:
a. loss of the fibers connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia.
b. loss of cell bodies in the dorsomedial thalamus.
c. tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
d. an epileptic focus in the temporal lobe of the cortex.
Q:
The most likely cause of the brain damage typical of Alzheimer's disease is due to a:
a. deficit of thiamine.
b. excess of neurotrophins.
c. increase in amyloid-ï¢proteins.
d. excess of acetylcholine.
Q:
Structures formed from degenerating axons and dendrites are referred to as:
a. tau proteins.
b. amyloid beta proteins.
c. confabulations.
d. plaques.
Q:
The genes related to Alzheimer's lead to the accumulation, in the brain, of:
a. glucose.
b. amyloid deposits.
c. arachidonic acid.
d. serotonin.
Q:
Alzheimer's leads to the accumulation of ____ in the brain.
a. glucose
b. amyloid deposits
c. arachidonic acid
d. serotonin
Q:
In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families, the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)?
a. a gene on the X chromosome
b. a gene on the Y chromosome
c. a series of genes on chromosome 4
d. genes on several different chromosomes
Q:
Researchers begin to look for clues to the genetics of Alzheimer's by investigating the chromosome related to:
a. Korsakoff's disease.
b. Down syndrome.
c. epilepsy.
d. alcoholism.
Q:
If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop:
a. Korsakoff's syndrome.
b. Parkinson's disease.
c. Huntington's disease.
d. Alzheimer's disease.
Q:
Restlessness, depression, hallucinations and loss of appetite all accompany:
a. Korsakoff's syndrome.
b. Alzheimer's disease.
c. confabulation.
d. Aplysia.
Q:
Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for:
a. recent events than events of the remote past.
b. what is happening at a given moment than general principles.
c. skills than facts.
d. verbal information than visual information.
Q:
Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients are most successful at learning and remembering:
a. facts.
b. skills.
c. names of people.
d. words.
Q:
Someone with a mild to moderate case of Alzheimer's disease would be most likely to remember which of the following?
a. how to drive a car
b. what make of car he or she drives
c. where he or she parked the car
d. the time he or she most recently drove a car