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Psychology
Q:
The cheapest and simplest antidepressant procedure is:
a. sleep deprivation.
b. food deprivation.
c. massage.
d. regular nonstrenuous exercise.
Q:
Of these treatments for depression--drugs, psychotherapy, electroshock--which one (if any) usually produces the most long-lasting benefits?
a. drugs
b. psychotherapy
c. electroshock
d. There is no difference.
Q:
Of these treatments for depression--drugs, psychotherapy, and electroshock--which one (if any) usually produces benefits FASTEST?
a. drugs
b. psychotherapy
c. electroshock
d. There is no difference.
Q:
In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person's:
a. sleeping schedule.
b. eating schedule.
c. exercise schedule.
d. self-grooming habits.
Q:
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that:
a. both deal with magnetic stimulation.
b. both increase the frequency of action potentials.
c. both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why.
d. neither requires patient consent.
Q:
ECT increases the proliferation of new neurons in the:
a. thalamus.
b. hippocampus.
c. fornix.
d. cingulate.
Q:
After ECT has relieved depression, the usual strategy to try to prevent a relapse includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. drug therapy.
b. psychotherapy.
c. periodic ECT treatments.
d. periodic transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Q:
One serious drawback of using ECT to treat depression is the:
a. high risk of brain damage.
b. high risk of relapse.
c. slow onset of benefits.
d. likelihood of substituting schizophrenia for depression.
Q:
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is most likely to be used with patients:
a. with seasonal affective disorder.
b. with brief or mild episodes of depression.
c. with bipolar disorder.
d. who have not responded to drug therapy.
Q:
If ECT is administered to the right hemisphere only:
a. depression is not alleviated as well as when administered to the left hemisphere.
b. depression is alleviated more quickly.
c. antidepressant effects occur with memory impairment.
d. antidepressant effects occur without memory impairment.
Q:
The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is:
a. dry mouth and blurred vision.
b. damage to the frontal lobes.
c. memory loss.
d. high probability of broken bones during the treatment.
Q:
One advantage of electroconvulsive shock therapy over antidepressant drugs is that shock treatment:
a. produces its benefits faster.
b. does not impair memory.
c. produces permanent, not temporary, relief.
d. is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries.
Q:
Electroconvulsive shock therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it:
a. produces its benefits faster.
b. does not impair memory.
c. produces permanent, not temporary, relief.
d. is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries.
Q:
Of the following treatments for depression - psychotherapy, drug therapy, and ECT - the one with the fastest benefits is ____ and the one with the longest lasting benefits is ____.
a. psychotherapy; drug therapy
b. drug therapy; ECT
c. ECT; psychotherapy
d. drug therapy; psychotherapy
Q:
The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950's because:
a. it was outlawed.
b. a new theory of depression arose.
c. antidepressant drugs became available.
d. a federal report concluded that it was almost never effective.
Q:
When ECT proved to be ineffective for schizophrenia, it was:
a. abandoned as a means of treatment for psychiatric disorders.
b. used to enhance memory.
c. used to stimulate the immune system.
d. used to treat other mental illnesses.
Q:
The original impetus for the use of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for people with psychological disorders came from the observation that:
a. an increase in epileptic symptoms was associated with a decrease in schizophrenic symptoms.
b. damage to the prefrontal cortex often leads to a decrease in overall activity.
c. levels of glucose metabolism vary as a patient switches between depression and mania.
d. depressed people often show memory deficits not found in healthy people.
Q:
____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
a. Electromagnetic therapy
b. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
c. Electroconvulsive shock therapy
d. Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Q:
Long term use of antidepressants increases the proliferation of new neurons in the:
A hippocampus.
B suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C superior colliculus.
D hypothalamus.
Q:
With long term use of antidepressants, there is increased production of brain-derived neurotrophin factor in the:
a. hippocampus.
b. suprachiasmatic nucleus.
c. superior colliculus.
d. hypothalamus.
Q:
The main advantage of psychotherapy over drug-therapy in the treatment of depression is that psychotherapy:
A shows benefits more quickly.
B is usually less expensive.
C has no effect on the brain.
D produces longer-lasting effects.
Q:
Prolonged use of antidepressants not only increases the availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse but also:
a. dilates blood vessels in the right hemisphere.
b. increases the release of neurotrophins.
c. decreases the threshold for producing action potentials in axons.
d. increases the flow of glucose across the blood-brain barrier.
Q:
Which of the following, if any, is significantly more effective than the others in relieving depression?
a. MAOIs
b. tricyclics
c. SSRIs
d. There is no significant difference.
Q:
Recent research discourages the use of antidepressant drugs, for which reason?
a. The drugs' side effects grow worse and worse after repeated use.
b. To get benefits, a person must find exactly the right dose to take.
c. The most effective drugs are the most expensive ones.
d. Placebos produce practically the same benefits as the drugs in mild to moderate depression.
Q:
For which of the following is the drug treatment generally only a little better than a placebo?
a. Parkinson's disease
b. schizophrenia
c. epilepsy
d. mild to moderate depression
Q:
St. John's wort works the same way as the:
a. iproniazids.
b. tricyclics.
c. MAOIs
d. SSRIs.
Q:
One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John's wort is that it:
a. increases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking.
b. decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking.
c. prevents the reuptake of serotonin.
d. raises blood pressure after the person eats tyramine-rich food.
Q:
St. John's wort appears to act in the same way as:
a. SSRIs.
b. atypical antidepressants.
c. tricyclics.
d. antipsychotics.
Q:
MAOIs, tricyclics, and SSRIs all produce which effect on neurons?
A equalized release of glutamate and GABA
B increased or prolonged serotonin or dopamine in synapses
C blockage of dopamine receptors
D increased amplitude and velocity of action potentials
Q:
Tricyclic drugs and MAOIs both:
a. block potassium channels in the membrane.
b. decrease the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
c. effectively increase the amount of catecholamines in the synapse.
d. directly stimulate catecholamine and serotonin receptors.
Q:
Which of the following classes of antidepressants is most likely to raise blood pressure when a person eats tyramine-rich foods such as cheese?
a. SSRIs
b. atypical antidepressants
c. tricyclics
d. MAOIs
Q:
MAOIs block the activity of the enzyme that:
a. synthesizes catecholamines.
b. synthesizes GABA.
c. breaks down catecholamines.
d. breaks down GABA.
Q:
Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
a. tricyclics
b. MAOIs
c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d. atypical antidepressants
Q:
Which of the following would be considered a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant?
a. fluoxetine (Prozac)
b. imipramine (Tofranil)
c. disulfiram (Antabuse)
d. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Q:
In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):
a. block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin.
b. increase action potential velocity.
c. block the reuptake of only serotonin.
d. act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right.
Q:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to:
a. tricyclics.
b. MAOIs.
c. Antabuse.
d. L-Dopa.
Q:
SSRIs work similarly to:
a. tricyclics.
b. MAOIs.
c. Antabuse.
d. L-Dopa.
Q:
Which of the following would be considered a tricyclics antidepressant?
a. fluoxetine (Prozac)
b. imipramine (Tofranil)
c. disulfiram (Antabuse)
d. chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Q:
Which of the following are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
a. increased reaction to eating cheese
b. nausea and headaches
c. drowsiness and dry mouth
d. cramping and diarrhea
Q:
An antidepressant drug operates by blocking reuptake of serotonin and catecholamines, but also blocks histamine receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and certain sodium channels. This drug would most likely be classified as a(n):
a. tricyclic.
b. MAOI.
c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
d. atypical antidepressant.
Q:
Tricyclic drugs work by:
a. blocking the release of catecholamines.
b. preventing the presynaptic cell from reabsorbing catecholamines.
c. directly stimulating the postsynaptic cell's catecholamine receptors.
d. increasing the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
Q:
Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by preventing the presynaptic neuron from reabsorbing serotonin and catecholamines after releasing them?
a. tricyclics
b. MAOIs
c. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d. atypical antidepressants
Q:
Several lines of evidence suggest that depressed people have lower than normal levels of activity in the:
a. parietal lobes.
b. occipital lobes.
c. right hemisphere.
d. left hemisphere.
Q:
People with late-onset depression are more likely than average to have relatives with:
a. allergies
b. circulatory problems
c. brain cancer
d. eczema and other skin problems
Q:
Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
a. increased; left
b. decreased; left
c. decreased; right
d. increased; right and left
Q:
Studies of normal people have found a fairly strong relationship between:
a. happy mood and increased activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
b. happy mood and decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex.
c. happy mood and increased activity in the right occipital cortex.
d. sadness and increased activity in the left occipital cortex.
Q:
Which of the following MOST strongly increases your risk of depression?a. relatives with early-onset depressionb. relatives with late-onset depressionc. spending time with a depressed person (regardless of being related)d. living in South America
Q:
People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which of these types of disorder?
a. diabetes
b. circulatory problems
c. mental retardation
d. skin diseases
Q:
Which of the following conditions in an adolescent predicts that the person will develop depression later?
A low body temperature
B increased appetite
C sleep disorder
D slurred speech
Q:
About one woman in a thousand enters a serious, long-lasting depression following the birth of a child. What is generally true about these women?
a. They are predisposed to depression prior to the birth of their child.
b. They are less likely than other women to have experienced depression prior to the birth.
c. They show elevated activity levels in the left hemisphere of their brains.
d. They fail to respond to tricyclic antidepressants.
Q:
The hormonal changes associated with giving birth most often affect depression by:
a. decreasing the probability of a woman becoming depressed.
b. temporarily decreasing the severity of an episode of depression.
c. triggering or aggravating a depressive episode.
d. causing temporary episodes of depression even in women who have no history of depression.
Q:
A few cases of depression are linked to ____ such as Borna disease.
a. viral infections
b. tumors
c. cysts
d. bacterial infections
Q:
Which of the following is true of depression?
a. A single gene has been identified that causes depression.
b. Men are more likely to be depressed than women.
c. The influence of traumatic events during young adulthood depends on particular genes for serotonin.
d. Female hormone levels are strongly correlated with depression.
Q:
The most severe episodes of depression generally occur:
a. after a traumatic experience.
b. in the summer.
c. in women just before they give birth.
d. when hormone levels are high.
Q:
On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
a. acetylcholine
b. dopamine
c. serotonin
d. calcium
Q:
If someone has major depression, what is probably true of that person's relatives?
a. They have an increased risk of depression, but not of any other disorder.
b. They have an increased risk of many other disorders.
c. They have a decreased risk of both depression and other disorders.
d. They are neither more nor less likely than average to have depression or other disorders.
Q:
Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
a. Late-onset depression has higher heritability than early-onset depression.
b. Depression in males runs in families, depression in females does not.
c. Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
d. Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed adoptive relatives than depressed biological relatives.
Q:
Major depression is diagnosed about ____ in women as in men.
a. four times as often
b. the same
c. three times as often
d. twice as often
Q:
Compared to non-depressed people, which of the following is true regarding depressed individuals?
a. They have greater unpleasant events.
b. They react worse to unpleasant events.
c. They have fewer pleasant experiences.
d. They react more to pleasant experiences.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of depression?
a. impulsiveness
b. sleep disorders
c. inactivity
d. suicidal tendencies
Q:
The differences between ordinary and major depression depend on:
a. when they occur in one's lifetime.
b. intensity and duration.
c. geographic location and gender.
d. society and diet.
Q:
Schizophrenia is a one-gene disorder and a one-neurotransmitter disorder.
Q:
Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Q:
PCP can induce both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Q:
Provide a detailed description of spatial neglect.
Q:
Describe some of the evidence that language did not develop as an accidental by-product of intelligence.
Q:
Describe some of the research conducted in nonhuman's dealing with language.
Q:
Describe the hemispheric specializations in the intact brain.
Q:
Discuss some of the research conducted in split-brain patients.
Q:
What is Broca's apahsia?
Q:
Briefly discuss the concept of a language acquisition device.
Q:
Name two reasons why Kanzi and Mulika have developed much greater language capabilities than other chimpanzees.
Q:
A child born without a corpus callosum can name something felt with the left hand, but an adult who suffered damage to the corpus callosum cannot. What are two likely explanations?
Q:
Neurologically, severe epilepsy is a condition characterized by what activity?
Q:
In many instances, spatial neglect appears to be linked to ____ problems.a. cognitiveb. motorc. attentiond. sensory
Q:
A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if:
a. they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body.
b. they cross their right hand over to the left side of their body.
c. look to the right.
d. you touch their right hand.
Q:
Which of the following would most likely improve attention of patients with spatial neglect?
a. Tell the person to look to the right.
b. Keep their hands from crossing over each other.
c. Stimulate the left superior temporal gyrus.
d. Tell the person to look to the left.
Q:
Spatial neglect occurs after damage in the:a. anterior cortex.b. posterior cortex.c. left hemisphere.d. right hemisphere.
Q:
In what way, if any, is it possible to decrease spatial neglect?
A Redirect the person's attention.
B Give the person certain muscle exercises.
C Increase the person's relaxation.
D It is not possible.
Q:
A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the:
a. right side of the body
b. dorsal areas of the body.
c. left side of the body.
d. ventral areas of the body.