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Psychology
Q:
The two chemical families to which most antipsychotic drugs belong are:
a. phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
b. tricyclics and MAOIs.
c. nitrates and glucocorticoids.
d. benzodiazepines and antihistamines.
Q:
Another term for antipsychotic drugs is:
a. benzodiazepines.
b. neuroleptics.
c. tricyclics.
d. stimulants.
Q:
Prior to the 1950's, few schizophrenic patients who entered a mental hospital ever left. The discovery most responsible for alleviating that situation was the discovery of:
a. chlorpromazine.
b. the prefrontal lobotomy.
c. electroconvulsive therapy.
d. MAOIs.
Q:
The ____, an area that shows consistent signs of deficit in schizophrenia, matures slowly, not reaching full competence until the late teens.
a. medulla
b. occipital cortex
c. thalamus
d. prefrontal cortex
Q:
With respect to progressive brain damage in schizophrenia, results suggest that:
a. there is no clear consensus.
b. brain abnormalities get much worse with age.
c. there is no change in brain structure once diagnosed.
d. brain abnormalities improve significantly.
Q:
If the brain is affected prenatally or neonatally, it could be that it takes many years before the symptoms of schizophrenia are evident because the:
a. affected areas are among the slowest to mature.
b. behavioral deficits often look like normal behavior in children.
c. associated toxins do not have widespread effects until they have reached high levels.
d. deficits are learned from imitation of other schizophrenic people.
Q:
Research suggests that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenics develop:
a. early and progressively get worse.
b. early and then remain fairly steady.
c. late in life and progressively get worse.
d. late in life and remain fairly steady.
Q:
People with schizophrenia have lower than normal overall activity in the:
a. hypothalamus.
b. thalamus.
c. left hemisphere.
d. right hemisphere.
Q:
Cell bodies in schizophrenics' brains are especially smaller than normal in the:
a. hippocampus and hypothalamus.
b. thalamus and hypothalamus.
c. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
d. medulla and pons.
Q:
Of these brain areas, which is most likely to show abnormalities in schizophrenia?
A prefrontal cortex
B corpus callosum
C lateral hypothalamus
D lateral geniculate
Q:
The problems that schizophrenics have with memory and attention are most likely related to an increased tendency of having brain damage in the:
a. cerebellum.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. occipital cortex.
d. medulla.
Q:
The areas with the most consistent signs of abnormality in schizophrenics include the:
a. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
b. medulla.
c. occipital lobes.
d. parietal lobes.
Q:
The planum temporale is slightly ____ in the ____ temporal lobe of schizophrenics, compared to most other people.
a. deformed; left
b. larger; left
c. larger; right
d. smaller; right
Q:
Brain damage common to schizophrenia includes:
a. larger than normal cerebral ventricles.
b. a proliferation of glial cells.
c. loss of axons between the substantia nigra and the basal ganglia.
d. a heavier forebrain.
Q:
Because of possible exposure to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, some studies suggest that people who own a ____ are more likely to have children who become schizophrenic.
a. rat
b. snake
c. cat
d. dog
Q:
It is believed that a virus contracted by a pregnant woman might increase the incidence of schizophrenia in her child because:
a. a mother's fever can adversely affect fetal brain development.
b. increases in the resulting stress hormones in the mother affect fetal hormone levels.
c. viruses are able to cross the placenta and affect the fetus directly.
d. viral infections will harm the umbilical cord hampering the delivery of nutrients to the fetus.
Q:
The season-of-birth effect is sometimes taken as evidence that schizophrenia is caused by:
a. genetics.
b. viruses.
c. stressful experiences.
d. vitamin deficiencies.
Q:
Which of the following is sometimes taken as evidence that schizophrenia might be caused by a virus or bacteria?
a. the age at which symptoms appear
b. the high concordance between paternal half-siblings
c. the season-of-birth effect
d. the relationship between schizophrenia and stressful experiences
Q:
Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?a. being born in winterb. eating a high-protein dietc. living in a low-income countryd. spending time with other people who have schizophrenia
Q:
What is one factor in prenatal development that has been found to be related to increased incidences of schizophrenia later in life?
a. excess sex hormones during the third trimester
b. Rh-negative mothers who have had several Rh-positive babies
c. lack of exercise by the mother early in pregnancy
d. episodes of maternal depression
Q:
As compared to the general population, twice the usual probability of schizophrenia has been correlated with:
a. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby girls.
b. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby girls.
c. Rh-negative mothers and Rh-positive baby boys.
d. Rh-positive mothers and Rh-negative baby boys.
Q:
Concerning the genetics of schizophrenia, which of these currently seems most likely?
a. Most cases can be traced to a single gene, which has been identified.
b. Most cases are due to a single gene, but researchers have not yet found that gene.
c. Schizophrenia requires a combination of two uncommon genes.
d. Schizophrenia often results from a new microdeletion of part of a chromosome.
Q:
Of the following hypotheses about the genetics of schizophrenia, which one do current researchers favor best?
a. Schizophrenia is often caused by new gene mutations or inactivations.
b. Schizophrenia depends on a recessive gene on the X chromosome.
c. Schizophrenia depends on a dominant gene on chromosome 4.
d. Genes make almost no contribution to schizophrenia.
Q:
Which of the following increases the probability that someone will develop schizophrenia?
a. Having an older than average father.
b. Having at least one older brother.
c. Being the only child in the family.
d. Having a mother who is older than the father.
Q:
Researchers have had trouble replicating studies that found a particular gene linked to schizophrenia. According to one recent hypothesis, ____.
a. genes in fact have nothing to do with schizophrenia.
b. the same genes responsible for schizophrenia also produce Huntington's disease.
c. spontaneous mutations in any of hundreds of genes can cause schizophrenia.
d. most genetic researchers fail to examine the X and Y chromosomes.
Q:
One gene of interest in schizophrenia is DISC1. This gene ____ the risk for schizophrenia, especially if another gene PDE4B is ____.
a. increases; present
b. decreases; absent
c. increases; absent
d. decreases; present
Q:
Childhood-onset schizophrenia is:
a. quite common.
b. associated with identifiable genetic abnormalities.
c. just like schizophrenia in adults.
d. usually of brief duration.
Q:
Genetic studies of schizophrenia have found that:
a. there are probably several possible genes that increase a person's risk for schizophrenia.
b. a single gene on the X chromosome accounts for most cases of schizophrenia.
c. schizophrenia has about the same heritability as Huntington's disease.
d. dizygotic twins are more concordant for schizophrenia than monozygotic twins.
Q:
Research appears to indicate that schizophrenia is most likely:
a. a single-gene disorder like Huntington's disease.
b. controlled only by environmental experiences.
c. not genetic.
d. influenced in some way by several genes.
Q:
One important factor to consider when making judgments about the relative influence of genetics on schizophrenia is:
a. the role of evolution.
b. the age of the mother.
c. the size of school they attend.
d. the mother's prenatal environment.
Q:
When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disease is significantly more probable among the:
a. adopting relatives than the biological relatives.
b. biological relatives than the adopting relatives.
c. siblings than the parents.
d. fathers than the mothers.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the genetic basis of schizophrenia is FALSE?
a. Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins.
b. Twins are more likely to resemble each other if they think they are monozygotic than if they actually are.
c. Schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of an adopted schizophrenic child than in the adoptive relatives.
d. The prevalence of schizophrenia has been declining worldwide.
Q:
Of the following individuals, the concordance rate for schizophrenia is highest for:
a. monozygotic twins.
b. dizygotic twins.
c. dizygotic twins who were raised as though they were monozygotic twins.
d. dizygotic twins who were adopted by schizophrenics.
Q:
The concordance rate for schizophrenia is around ____ percent for monozygotic twins.
a. 0
b. 10
c. 50
d. 90
Q:
The concordance rate of schizophrenia among twins is:
a. higher in dizygotic than monozygotic twins.
b. higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twins.
c. equally high in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
d. very difficult to determine.
Q:
A first diagnosis of schizophrenia is usually made for a person in which age range?
A preteens
B 20s
C 30s or 40s
D 50s or beyond
Q:
Which is NOT true about the incidence of schizophrenia?
a. It is commonly estimated to occur in 10-15% of the population.
b. It is reported more often in the United States than in Third World countries.
c. It is slightly more severe in men than women.
d. It is slightly more common in men than women.
Q:
Which of the following factors is one explanation for the difference in the prevalence of schizophrenia across cultures?
a. amount of time spent outdoors
b. life expectancy
c. amount of aluminum exposure
d. record keeping differences
Q:
In making a differential diagnosis of schizophrenia, it is most important to know:
a. if other medical conditions may account for their symptoms.
b. how many of their relatives have schizophrenia.
c. where they are employed.
d. which hand is dominant.
Q:
Lesions or tumors to the temporal or prefrontal cortex can produce symptoms resembling:
a. depression.
b. schizophrenia.
c. spatial neglect.
d. aphasia.
Q:
Nancy Andreasen, one of the leading investigators of schizophrenia, considers the main problem to be:
a. bizarre movements.
b. hallucinations.
c. disordered thoughts.
d. depression.
Q:
What is the most common thought disorder of schizophrenia?
a. obsessive concentration on a single thought
b. alternating between one personality and another
c. excessive anxiety when thinking about one particular topic
d. impaired understanding of abstract concepts
Q:
Inappropriate emotions, bizarre behaviors, and thought disorders represent the:
a. disorganized cluster of positive symptoms.
b. psychotic cluster of positive symptoms.
c. disorganized cluster of negative symptoms.
d. psychotic cluster of negative symptoms.
Q:
What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between ____ and ____ aspects of experience.
a. emotional, behavioral
b. emotional, realistic
c. intellectual, behavioral
d. emotional, intellectual
Q:
A delusion is a(n):
a. sensory experience that does not correspond to reality.
b. inability to understand abstract concepts.
c. unfounded belief.
d. loss of memory for part of one's past.
Q:
The belief that outer space aliens are trying to control one's behavior is classified as a:
a. delusion.
b. hallucination.
c. negative symptom.
d. disorganized positive symptom.
Q:
Hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder are classified as which kind of symptoms?
A positive symptoms
B neutral symptoms
C negative symptoms
D ambiguous symptoms
Q:
What is the difference between positive and negative schizophrenic symptoms?
a. beneficial behaviors versus harmful behaviors
b. behaviors that are present versus behaviors that are absent
c. behaviors that are related to abnormal brain functioning versus those that are not
d. behaviors shown by one personality versus behaviors shown by another
Q:
One of the main problems with schizophrenia is _____ that result from abnormal interactions between the cortex and the thalamus and cerebellum.
a. speech problem
b. absent signs of emotion
c. disordered thoughts
d. delusions
Q:
A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression, lack of social interaction, and lack of speech is suffering from:
a. positive symptoms.
b. negative symptoms.
c. thought disorders.
d. delusions.
Q:
An example of a "negative symptom" of schizophrenia is:
a. hallucinations.
b. poor emotional expression.
c. delusions.
d. thought disorder.
Q:
Schizophrenia is Greek for:
a. multiple personality.
b. hallucinations.
c. split mind.
d. premature deterioration of the mind.
Q:
Schizophrenia was originally called:
a. dissociative identity disorder.
b. dementia praecox.
c. multiple personality disorder.
d. frontal dementia.
Q:
Dissociative identity disorder was previously known as:
a. multiple personality disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. borderline personality disorder
d. bipolar disorder
Q:
____ was originally called dementia praecox.
a. bipolar disorder
b. schizophrenia
c. dissociative identity disorder
d. Huntington's disease
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of schizophrenia?
a. deterioration of everyday functioning
b. delusions
c. impaired understanding of abstract concepts
d. alternation between one personality and another
Q:
Which of the following behaviors most closely meets the definition of schizophrenia?
a. alternation between one personality and another
b. outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior toward strangers
c. deterioration of daily functioning, hallucinations, and thought disorders
d. episodes of being unable to remember certain events of one's past
Q:
Someone with deterioration of everyday functioning and hallucinations or delusions or thought disorders would likely be classified as having which disorder?
a. schizophrenia
b. bipolar disorder
c. attention deficit disorder
d. Klinefelter's syndrome
Q:
A disorder characterized by deteriorating ability to function in everyday life and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, movement disorder and inappropriate emotional expressions is:
a. bipolar disorder.
b. hypomania.
c. multiple personality.
d. schizophrenia.
Q:
Traumatic experiences greatly increase the risk of depression in some people, and only slightly increase it in others, depending on
a. the density of neurons in the occipital cortex.
b. the density of neurons in the parietal cortex.
c. a gene that controls myelin formation.
d. a gene that controls serotonin receptors.
Q:
An advantage of bright light therapy for SAD, as compared to other antidepressant treatments, is that bright light therapy:
a. is highly effective without apparent side effects.
b. produces a permanent cure after one or two treatments.
c. is well understood theoretically.
d. is financially supported by several drug companies.
Q:
What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
a. bright light
b. electroconvulsive shock therapy
c. adrenal hormones
d. dietary changes
Q:
Concerning temperature cycles, SAD patients are to ____ as other depressed patients are to ____.
a. phase-delayed cycles; normal cycles
b. normal cycles; phase-advanced cycles
c. phase-delayed cycles; phase-advanced cycles
d. phase-advanced cycles; phase-delayed cycles
Q:
Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?
a. in large cities
b. in small towns and rural areas
c. in tropical areas
d. near the poles
Q:
People suffering from seasonal affective disorder are most likely become depressed in the:
a. days after any holiday.
b. fall.
c. winter.
d. spring.
Q:
Similar to depressed patients, bipolar patients may benefit from a change in their:
a. work schedule.
b. roommates.
c. sleep schedule.
d. exercise routine.
Q:
Bipolar patients show an increased expression of genes associated with:
a. inflammation.
b. memory loss.
c. proliferation.
d. insomnia.
Q:
What would you most strongly recommend that a person with bipolar disorder eat to reduce the effects of arachidonic acid?
a. carrots
b. seafood
c. beef
d. chocolate
Q:
Lithium, valproate, and carbamazapine are common treatments for which condition?
A bipolar disorder
B schizophrenia
C seasonal affective disorder
D Parkinson's disease
Q:
What do the drugs valproate and carbamazepine share in common with lithium?
a. They are used to treat schizophrenia.
b. They block the synthesis of arachidonic acid.
c. They inhibit GABA.
d. They are 100% effective in treating bipolar disorder.
Q:
Lithium prevents a relapse into:
a. mania only.
b. depression only.
c. either mania or depression.
d. schizophrenia.
Q:
Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because:
a. people develop a tolerance to the drug and must gradually increase their dosage.
b. people develop a sensitivity to the drug and must gradually decrease their dosage.
c. the amount of drug needed to achieve a good effect varies from one time of year to another.
d. the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic.
Q:
Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?
a. seasonal affective disorder
b. endogenous depression
c. reactive depression
d. bipolar disorder
Q:
In what ways do genetics contribute to bipolar disorder?
a. There are genes on several chromosomes, although no specific gene has been found to be a major cause.
b. A recessive gene has been found to cause bipolar disorder.
c. There has been no evidence of a genetic connection.
d. The genes responsible are only passed from father to son.
Q:
The highest correlation for bipolar disorder exists:
a. between children and their adoptive parents.
b. among siblings.
c. between dizygotic twins.
d. between monozygotic twins.
Q:
Which of the following characterizes total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
a. high in both mania and depression
b. low in both mania and depression
c. low in mania and high in depression
d. high in mania and low in depression
Q:
Someone with bipolar disorder alternates between:
a. schizophrenia and normal.
b. mania and normal.
c. depression and dementia.
d. mania and depression.
Q:
Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to:
a. how many relatives also have the condition.
b. how rapidly the cycles occur.
c. whether they include full-blown manic phases.
d. whether they develop suddenly at an early age or gradually at a later age.
Q:
A restless, impulsive person whose speech rambles from one idea to another may fit which of these categories?
a. autistic
b. depressed
c. manic
d. narcoleptic
Q:
People with unipolar disorder are characterized by:
a. obsessions and compulsions.
b. variations between depression and mania.
c. variations between depression and a normal mood.
d. chemical imbalances in one half of their brains.