Q&A Hero

Q: In a badly run or corrupt democracy which of the following is likely to occur? A. politicians are dominated by special interests B. political figures seek to cloud public debate with irrelevant issues C. the media do not point out real issues because they are corrupt or lazy D. all of the above are likely to occur

Q: Crucial to a democratic system of government is which of the following? A. a belief by the people that their government is moral, fair, and just B. protection of minority rights to participate in the political process C. open, honest, and public debate of the critical issues confronting the society D. all of the above are crucial

Q: As a result of the population changes over the past forty years, the Texas political culture has become more liberal. (p.16) Multiple Choice Questions

Q: As of 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the Anglo population of Texas has become a minority of the people in Texas.

Q: The most rapidly growing segment of the population of Texas is the Hispanic or Latino population. (p.14)

Q: According to conservative defenders of Texas government, lack of governmental spending on social programs is not the main reason that Texas ranks low in quality of life indexes.

Q: According to liberal critics of Texas government is the belief that governmental inaction is the major source of Texas's low rankings on quality of life issues.

Q: Compared to other states in the union, Texas ranks among the leaders in most areas of expenditures to improve the quality of life in Texas.

Q: According to the authors of the text, one of the primary values of the Texas political culture has been a striving to eliminate social and economic inequality.

Q: The political culture of Texas has been changing more rapidly than the state's population and economy.

Q: The transition of Texas from a primarily rural and agricultural economy to an urban and industrial economy began with the discovery of oil in 1901.

Q: Texas conservatism traditionally opposed not only governmental assistance for the poor, but actively supported efforts to deny citizenship rights to the members of minority groups such as Afro-American and Mexican Americans.

Q: Texas ranks in the top ten states in the amount of welfare that it provides for its less fortunate citizens. (p.10)

Q: The primary difference between the philosophy of laissiz-faire conservatism and pseudo-laissez faire conservatism is a belief that governmental assistance to solve problems should be directed to assist the wealthy, not the poor.

Q: Among the principle beliefs of Texas conservatives has been the idea that the most desirable government is one that keeps taxes low.

Q: The dominant political culture of Texas for most of the 20th Century has been a conservative view of politics.

Q: The dominant political culture of Texas for the 19th and 20th Centuries has been that of the Anglo population of the state. (p.9)

Q: In order to have a political culture all citizens must agree to the same sets of beliefs, values, and habits.

Q: The North American Free Trade Agreement was designed to increase trade between Latin America and the U.S. and Canada.

Q: The fact that a government conducts elections is enough to convey legitimacy on that government.

Q: In a legitimate democracy people believe that their government is moral, fair, and just. As a result, they believe that they must obey the laws of the government.

Q: In democratic theory, participation in the governmental process creates a moral rightness and obligates citizens to obey its laws.

Q: Generally speaking, dopamine and glutamate have opposite effects in the prefrontal cortex.

Q: Schizophrenia is often viewed as a problem with excess activity at dopamine synapses.

Q: The ventricles are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.

Q: A single gene has been identified that accounts for all cases of schizophrenia.

Q: Many people with schizophrenia have a characteristic body odor.

Q: Schizophrenia is the same as dissociative identity disorder.

Q: Exposure to bright lights is one effective treatment for SAD.

Q: Lithium is generally more effective for people with bipolar II disorder.

Q: Bipolar II disorder is a more severe form of mania than bipolar I disorder.

Q: Combining sleep alteration with drug therapies can provide long-lasting benefits.

Q: Antidepressant drugs produce their effects on catecholamine and serotonin synapses within hours, but people need to take the drugs for two or more weeks before they experience any mood elevation.

Q: A combination of both antidepressants and psychotherapy benefits only a slightly higher percentage of people than either treatment alone.

Q: Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behavior.

Q: St. John's wort acts by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.

Q: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors normally inhibit reuptake of serotonin.

Q: The tricyclics operate by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release.

Q: Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.

Q: Postpartum depression usually occurs right after a women finds out she is pregnant.

Q: Several genes have been found to increase the risk of depression.

Q: Depression is more common in men than women.

Q: A study found that depressed people showed an increased response to facial expressions of fear and a decreased response to happy expressions.

Q: Discuss some of the leading theories on the neural causes of schizophrenia.

Q: Discuss the research dealing with the genetics of schizophrenia.

Q: Describe bipolar disorder including discussions of the role of genetics and possible treatments.

Q: Describe some of the alternate treatments for depression.

Q: Describe the mechanisms of the three major types of antidepressant drugs.

Q: Describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and give some examples of each.

Q: Briefly describe how MAOIs function.

Q: List the four major categories of antidepressant drugs.

Q: Briefly describe some of the abnormalities of hemispheric dominance in the brains of depressed people.

Q: Define major depression.

Q: Atypical antipsychotic drugs differ from standard neuroleptics like chlorpromazine in terms of:a. the blood pH they require for effectiveness.b. which set of dopamine synapses they affect.c. how quickly they take effect.d. how long their effects last.

Q: Atypical antipsychotic drugs alleviate schizophrenia with fewer side effects than other drugs because they: a. stimulate dopamine synapses instead of blocking them. b. act at acetylcholine synapses instead of dopamine synapses. c. block dopamine synapses for only minutes per day. d. are better at blocking certain serotonin synapses.

Q: What happens when schizophrenics stop taking neuroleptic drugs? a. They usually stop having auditory hallucinations. b. Schizophrenic symptoms return within hours, often worse than ever. c. Tardive dyskinesia may continue. d. Memory problems become more apparent.

Q: What kind of drug alleviates schizophrenia with little risk of producing tardive dyskinesia? a. neuroleptics b. atypical antipsychotics c. monoamine oxidase inhibitors d. lithium

Q: The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are: a. anterograde and retrograde amnesia. b. tremors and other involuntary movements. c. outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior. d. attacks of anxiety that prevent active behavior.

Q: A serious side effect that develops in some people after prolonged use of neuroleptic drugs is: a. tardive dyskinesia. b. attention deficit disorder. c. saccadic eye movements. d. seasonal affective disorder.

Q: The dopamine system apparently responsible for the symptoms of schizophrenia projects from the ____ to the ____. a. midbrain tegmentum; limbic system b. limbic system; midbrain tegmentum c. limbic system; hippocampus d. midbrain tegmentum; basal ganglia

Q: For schizophrenics, atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics in: a. reducing positive symptoms. b. reducing negative symptoms. c. increasing negative symptoms. d. blocking glutamate receptors.

Q: Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which both ____ and ____ play important roles. a. dopamine; GABA b. serotonin; GABA c. glutamate; serotonin d. dopamine; glutamate

Q: Researchers have found that the amino acid glycine: a. competes with the effects of glutamate and, therefore, blocks those synapses. b. can be converted into dopamine or serotonin in different brain areas. c. increases the effectiveness of other antipsychotic drugs. d. directly stimulates nicotinic-type acetylcholine synapses.

Q: The amino acid, glycine, provides a possible co-treatment for schizophrenia because it: a. can be chemically converted into dopamine. b. increases the effectiveness of glutamate. c. decreases the effectiveness of glutamate. d. increases the growth and division of glia cells.

Q: For someone who has recovered from schizophrenia, PCP: a. induces a long-lasting recovery. b. induces a long-lasting relapse. c. is quite ineffective in inducing behavioral changes. d. produces depression instead.

Q: What is curious about the psychotic effects of phencyclidine (angel dust)? a. The hallucinations tend to be auditory. b. The hallucinations are more intense in females. c. Consuming alcohol lessens the psychotic experiences. d. The effects are minor or absent in preadolescents.

Q: Which of the following drugs most closely imitates the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a. Prozac b. PCP c. cocaine d. amphetamine

Q: Phencyclidine (PCP), which can produce psychotic symptoms resembling schizophrenia, has which effect at synapses? a. It interferes with transmission at dopamine synapses. b. It interferes with transmission at glutamate synapses. c. It prolongs or increases activity at serotonin synapses. d. It directly stimulates acetylcholine receptors.

Q: Researchers have found that the brains of schizophrenics release: a. too little dopamine. b. too much GABA. c. too little serotonin. d. too little glutamate.

Q: Recent research findings suggest that compared to normal people, people with schizophrenia have: a. a greater amount of glutamate release. b. more glutamate receptors. c. fewer dopamine receptors. d. fewer glutamate receptors.

Q: An alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is the proposal that schizophrenia may be due to a deficiency of activity of ____ synapses. a. serotonin b. glutamate c. substance P d. acetylcholine

Q: Why is blocking dopamine synapses to relieve schizophrenic symptoms not a strong clue about the underlying problem? a. It only works for about 10-15% of all patients. b. It takes 2-3 weeks to affect a behavioral change. c. It only works for about 2-3 weeks. d. Schizophrenics produce too much dopamine.

Q: Measuring the number of dopamine receptors occupied by a radioactive drug in people with schizophrenia led to the finding that: a. the dopamine hypothesis is incorrect. b. dopamine D2 receptor levels were low. c. excessive dopamine release occupies a greater number of D2 receptors. d. the primary problem is supersensitive D2 receptors.

Q: Nearly all of the drugs that can produce a psychosis resembling schizophrenia: a. increase the stimulation of GABA synapses. b. increase the stimulation of dopamine synapses. c. decrease the stimulation of serotonin synapses. d. decrease the stimulation of acetylcholine synapses.

Q: Someone shows symptoms resembling schizophrenia, especially the positive symptoms, but is not schizophrenic. Which of the following disorders is most likely? a. seasonal affective disorder b. bipolar disorder c. substance-induced psychotic disorder d. Korsakoff's syndrome

Q: Repeated use of large doses of amphetamine or cocaine can lead to a behavioral condition similar to: a. schizophrenia. b. bipolar disorder. c. attention deficit disorder. d. depression.

Q: According to the dopamine hypothesis, what causes schizophrenia? a. excessive activity at dopamine synapses b. deficient activity at dopamine synapses c. an unusual point of origin for dopamine fibers in the brain d. an unusual course and destination of dopamine fibers in the brain

Q: The doses of various drugs that are typically prescribed for schizophrenia are closely related to the strength of what effect? a. elevated alpha waves on an EEG b. blockage of dopamine receptors c. delays in the onset of REM sleep d. increases in the rate of dopamine synthesis

Q: Which of the following is an effect of most antipsychotic drugs? a. increased release of acetylcholine b. decreased reuptake of serotonin c. increased synthesis of norepinephrine d. blockage of dopamine receptors

Q: All of the following are antipsychotic drugs EXCEPT: a. chlorpromazine. b. Haldol. c. L-Dopa. d. Thorazine.