Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following was emphasized in the work of Melanie Klein? a. transference b. countertransference c. fixation d. unconscious phantasies about objects

Q: Which of the following represents Freud's view of "object relations"? a. objects are only secondary to the drives of the individual b. objects in the individual's world are highly important to personality development c. Freud never discussed objects and development d. the origin of all human behavior can be ultimately traced to objects

Q: Focus on the conscious mind, focus on the role of social urges in determining human behavior, and ideas of an inferiority complex all relate to which of the following? a. transference b. free association c. individual psychology d. anima/animus

Q: The rift between Freud and Breuer has often been stated as related to their disagreement over which of the following? a. somatic versus psychical factors b. use of the method of catharsis c. use of free association d. use of the concepts transference and countertransference

Q: Which of the following could we say that Freud actually borrowed from Josef Beuer? a. talk therapy b. seduction theory c. dream analysis d. Oedipus complex

Q: Freud's emphasis was on psychic factors over somatic factors as the cause of mental illness. He thought this to be especially true as he studied cases of ___________. a. hysteria b. demonic possession c. somnambolism d. insomnia

Q: Which of the following personality assessments incorporates Jung's personality type theory? a. the TAT b. the CPI c. the MMPI d. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Q: Which of the following statements is true of Freud's biography, written by Ernest Jones? a. the biography presented Freud in a more favorable light than was actually true b. the biography is still today regarded as the definitive account of Freud's life c. Jones's writing on Freud's life was a correction to some of the myths that previously existed about Freud's life d. the writings are likely the most accurate account of Freud's life because Jones wrote the biography with Freud's daughter, Anna

Q: The one time that Freud visited America, it was to speak at what university? a. Johns Hopkins b. Clark University c. Harvard University d. Cornell University

Q: Which of the following did Jung believe to be important to the healing of a patient? a. hypnosis b. empowerment of the patient c. sexual libido d. the patient-therapist rapport

Q: What is a controversial aspect of Freud's presentation of the stages of psychosexual development? a. he was delirious from late-stage cancer when the theory was created b. he was under the influence of cocaine when the theory was written c. the theory was developed on females in a state of hysteria d. the theory was created with gender bias against females

Q: Freud's original view on what caused neuroses, which was a part of the seduction theory, stated that neuroses were caused by _________? a. guilt b. repression c. childhood sexual abuse d. fear

Q: Which of the following best states the authors' position on the influence of Gestalt psychology today? a. it has made behaviorism somewhat obsolete b. it has influenced the development of cognitive-behavioral theories and approaches c. gestalt therapy has become the most popular therapy of choice among Americans d. the gestalt school is not regarded as significant in the field today, due to limited usefulness

Q: Which of the following is related to the Zeigarnik effect? a. life space b. psychological tension c. gestalten d. mental fatigue

Q: Which of the following best describes why Immanuel Kant is mentioned in this chapter on Gestalt psychology? a. because of his ideas on space form and time form b. because he laid the groundwork for Gestalt views with his ideas on the phenomenal world c. because he laid the groundwork for Gestalt theorists' support of elementism d. because of his ideas on fields of force

Q: Kohler's belief was that "learning and problem solving" are ________ rather than solely behavioral phenomena. a. cognitive b. mechanical c. thoughtless d. emotional

Q: What is the historical significance of the New School for Social Research? a. it is where the school of Gestalt Psychology was founded b. it is the school that the Nazis were successful in closing down c. it is the school where Wertheimer first tested his theories of perception d. it is the school that provided a haven for academic freedom for many scholars escaping fascist Germany

Q: What is the significance of concepts such as "proximity," "closure," and "figure/ground"? a. these terms were what helped spread Gestalt ideas to America b. these were the key principles of insight learning c. these concepts were also the same ideas studied by the German psychologists in Wundt's lab d. these are some of the basic Gestalt principles of perceptual organization

Q: What was Kohler's specific criticism of Thorndike's trial and error learning? a. he did not believe that punishment was necessary for learning b. he did not believe that classical conditioning was necessary for learning c. he believed that seeing the "big picture" or the "whole problem" eliminates reliance on trial and error learning d. he believed that isomorphism eliminates reliance on trial and error learning

Q: Which of the following exemplifies how Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) further expanded Gestalt psychology? a. he incorporated many of Wundt's ideas into Gestalt psychology b. he helped the ideas to be more applied c. he helped psychologists to understand more about movement d. he discovered many absolute psychological laws

Q: "The brain organizes and interprets events differently than merely what is presented by sensory neurons." This explains which of the following? a. learning b. motivation c. problem solving d. phi phenomenon

Q: The first time that I heard the song Waiting on the World to Change, I liked it. von Ehrenfels would have said that this is largely due to my _________, not the song itself. a. phenomenal world b. noumenal world c. temperament d. openness

Q: Positive psychology is most different from behaviorism in its focus on __________ instead of focus on reinforcements and punishments. a. human strengths and virtues b. stimulus-response c. cognitive maps d. latent learning

Q: According to the ideas of Bandura, attention, reproduction, retention, and ________ are necessary for learning to take place. a. conditioning b. observations c. intellect d. motivation

Q: Skinner believed that two goals of psychology should be ________. a. explain and observe behavior b. study of learning and cognition c. prediction and control of behavior d. description and explanation of behavior

Q: When we experience "hope," this is the equivalent of ________ according to Mowrer? a. drive induction b. insight learning c. latent learning d. drive reduction

Q: Many persons have experienced feeling sleepy while driving; there are specific behaviors that we may engage in to combat the sleep. We are more likely to repeat the behaviors that work best to reduce the motivation to sleep. This is related to what concepts in this chapter? a. emotions b. drive state and habit strength c. consciousness d. insight learning

Q: Which of the following is a principle of the neobehaviorists? a. findings from animal studies of learning can be generalized to humans b. consciousness should remain the goal of psychology c. behavior is not always deterministic d. psychologists may not be able to explain all forms of learning

Q: Why is Karl Lashley presented in the chapter on behaviorism? a. he is responsible for initiating behaviorism b. he was a staunch opponent of behaviorism c. he studied the effects of brain damage on learning d. he proved that all forms of learning are handled equally in the brain

Q: Watson identified __________ as the most important psychological process to shape and explain behavior. a. emotions b. hormones c. learning d. consciousness

Q: Why does the author of "Whatever Happened to Little Albert?" refer to the Albert study as social science folklore? a. the study actually never happened b. Watson denied many of the findings c. the study was never replicated d. many of the details were distorted or exaggerated

Q: What knowledge did Watson and Raynor have that should have impacted their work with Little Albert? a. they knew that Albert was already a victim of emotional abuse b. they knew precisely when their last day of testing would be with Albert c. they knew that Albert had a heart condition d. they knew that Albert had a preexisting fear of many animals

Q: Which of the following was NOT one of the three fundamental unconditioned emotions identified by Watson in his lab studies at Hopkins? a. guilt b. fear c. love d. rage

Q: Historically, up until Watson's _________, psychology focused upon studies of adult human consciousness utilizing the method of instropection. a. law of mass action b. law of equipotentiality c. psychical doctrine d. behaviorist doctrine

Q: The response model of learning differs from the other two models in its focus on __________. a. personality b. cognitive maps c. consequences d. unconditioned stimuli

Q: The S-O-R model states that in all cases of drive reduction, cognitive and _______ states of the organism intervene between the stimulus and response. a. emotional b. physiological c. cultural d. paranormal

Q: Any form of ___________ psychology is an outgrowth of functionalism. a. basic b. comparative c. psychophysical d. applied

Q: What is "Social Darwinism"? a. belief in free will b. belief that social problems are due to some individuals being less biologically fit c. belief that social problems are due to differences in experiences d. belief in pragmatism

Q: Which of the following explains why it may be initially difficult to concentrate during meditation, even under quiet conditions? a. meditation is not rational b. meditation causes the stimulus error c. meditation causes apperception d. meditation must compete with the stream of consciousness

Q: Which of the following characterizes the point of view of the pragmatist, i.e., William James? a. there are no universal truths b. psychology should pursue the search for universal truths c. science is the one truth d. introspection is the key to universal truth

Q: Which of the following represents the earliest viewpoint on how experiments should be conducted? a. the sample size must be at least 100 b. the sample size must be at least 30 c. experimenters must not have any contact with research participants d. experimenters must thoroughly conduct their own self-tests of the hypotheses

Q: What is the field of study known as "psychophysics"? a. the belief in mind over matter b. the belief in matter over mind c. the belief that variation in stimuli (i.e., intensity) produces varying psychological experiences or interpretations d. the belief that mind and matter are separate and distinct

Q: All but which of the following statements are true? a. the APA was officially founded in 1892 b. many early psychologists supported eugenics and racial superiority theories of intelligence c. Wundt and his students of introspection emphasized the importance of studying adolescence d. Structuralism was the American version of the Wundtian study of images, thoughts, and feelings

Q: Which of the following fields of study can be associated with John Dewey's ideas? a. comparative psychology b. sensation and perception c. voluntarism d. educational psychology

Q: Charles Darwin is presented in the chapter on functionalism because ________. a. he created the earliest intelligence tests b. he suggested the need for a formal association of psychologists c. he did applied work in which he investigated the physical differences across species d. he did applied work in which he investigated animal minds

Q: How was functionalism different from structuralism? a. it focused exclusively on the study of animals b. it focused on adaptive qualities of the mind and behavior c. it focused on the material aspect of consciousness d. it focused on feelings

Q: All but which of the following characterizes John Dewey? a. pragmatist b. nativist c. progressive d. activist

Q: For which of the following was Wundt criticized? a. for only studying animals b. for focusing on hypnosis c. for creating the stimulus error d. for failing to account for imageless thought

Q: Which of the following best explains why so many early psychologists wanted to study with Wundt? a. because he was a German b. because he was a philosopher c. because he was using specific scientific methods to do experimental research d. because he was testing and applying theories of hypnosis

Q: What was believed by Wundt to cause the stimulus error? a. thinking too much b. daydreaming and fantasizing c. anxiety d. relying on memory

Q: Which of the following describes the research interests of Wundt? a. focus on learning b. focus on free will c. focus on content of the mind d. focus on function of the mind

Q: Bain's approach to studying behavior involved a. reliance on innate moral truths b. strong materialistic approach c. direct observations of behaviors and consequences d. focus on the subjectivity of the mind

Q: What was the primary idea of James Mill's that was also related to Spinoza's idea? a. behavior is deterministic (motivated by pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain) b. all humans do indeed have free will c. mind and body are distinct d. emotions are never rational

Q: "Resemblance," "contiguity," and the "association of ideas" are all related to which of the following? a. conditioning b. schema c. observation d. free will

Q: The "liberation from our biological roots" is attributed to which of the following? a. positivists b. realists c. empiricists d. hedonists

Q: Which of the following was rejected by Berkeley? a. belief in God b. mentalism c. the importance of experiences d. materialism

Q: Immanuel Kant believed which of the following? a. materialism is all that is important b. immortal truth is all that matters c. the experience of all objects is affected by the mind's subjectivity d. the law of effect is all that is worthy of study

Q: Which of the following best characterizes John Locke? a. Avoiding pain is most important b. feelings are most important c. subjectivity is most important d. experiences are most important

Q: Analogy tests; sentence completion tasks; experimental study of higher mental processesThese are all associated with which of the following persons from this chapter on associationism? a. James Mill b. Immanuel Kant c. Herman Ebbinghaus d. George Berkeley

Q: Which of the following was most important to the positivist? a. memory b. ideas c. associations d. observations

Q: What is Ebbinghaus's relationship to associationism? a. he is responsible for coining the term b. he was a traditional behaviorist c. he advanced interest in the connection of ideas leading to the formation of memories d. he was a positivist

Q: The ideas of Leibniz called monadology best relate to the concepts of _________ and ____________. a. rationality; emotions b. hedonism; monism c. passion; personality d. subliminal perception; thresholds of awareness

Q: The ideas of Baruch Spinoza were 1) mind and body are inseparable, 2) free will does not exist, and 3) _____________. a. thoughts and behaviors resulting from passion are irrational b. all emotions are irrational c. the shape of the skull relates to personality d. the soul provides access to universal knowledge

Q: Intelligence as significant, fatigue of the muscles of the eye, and enhanced memory are each listed in the text as a. mental processes b. myths about hypnosis c. state models of hypnosis d. evidence of psychoneuroimmunology

Q: Which of the following statements is true about the early schools of hypnosis? a. the two schools were not significantly different b. artificial somnambulism was used at the Nancy School only c. the Parisian school advocated that those susceptible to hypnosis had an underlying neurological disorder d. the Parisian school advocated the use of magnets being placed on different parts of the body

Q: Which of the following phrases best characterizes the purpose of Chapter 6: Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis? a. to convey that "mind matters" b. to convey that "matter does not equal mind" c. to convey "matter makes mind" d. to convey "mind-body split"

Q: Which of the following would be the accurate description of why the authors of your text included the section in chapter 6 on psychoneuroimmunology? a. as evidence of dualism b. as evidence of mind-body connection c. as evidence of materialism d. as evidence of mentalism

Q: Reinstatement, revivification, and ablation are the three components of which of the following? a. localization of function method b. PET scan procedure c. mesmerism d. hypnotic age regression

Q: What was the objective of the authors' section in chapter 5 on "minds and monkeys"? a. to present a discussion about psychological evolution (i.e., evolution of the mind) b. to demonstrate that only humans have a mind c. to convey that mind cannot be studied in animals d. to convey that animal research on the mind began as early as 1900

Q: Which of the following phrases best characterizes the purpose of chapter 5 on the biological foundations of psychology? a. to convey that "mind matters" b. to convey that "matter does not equal mind" c. to convey "matter makes mind" d. to convey "mind-body split"

Q: Which of the following is relevant to the knowledge gained from the split brain research of Gazzaniga and Sperry? a. corpus callosum b. cranial nerve V c. cranial nerve VII d. arcuate fasciculus

Q: Which of the following best explains why the 90s is known as the decade of the brain? a. because it was the decade of the discovery of the lesioning method b. because it was the decade of the discovery of the split brain findings c. because it was the decade of increased funding for the study of neurotransmitters and drug treatments for disorders d. because it was the decade of enhancements in the use of the microelectrode

Q: We can attribute all but which of the following to Rene Descartes' work? a. systematic study of the early foundations of spinal cord reflexes b. discovery of linkage between sensory and motor capacities of the nerves c. discovery of the potential connections between peripheral nerves and the spinal cord and brain d. discovery of the use of the ablation method

Q: Which of the following was an early statement about spinal cord nerves that was later proved to be accurate? a. nervous fluid flowed through neural pipes and terminated in muscles, causing bodily movements b. anterior or ventral roots were responsible for voluntary movement c. posterior or dorsal roots managed involuntary movements d. there is a cranial nerve specific for face sensation and a cranial nerve specific to controlling muscles involved in facial expressions

Q: Which of the following has not been a longstanding way of knowing? a. rationality/reason b. systematic observation c. faith d. hypnosis

Q: Greek philosophers advocated that people put their faith in the processes of naturalism and ____________. a. faith b. moral codes c. rationalism d. supernatural powers

Q: Humans have always constructed organized ____________ to address fundamental questions about human nature and the meaning or purpose of life. a. river valleys b. knowledge systems c. rituals d. relationships

Q: To which of the following Renaissance thinkers do we attribute ideas about scientific methodology? a. Descartes b. Aristotle c. Francis Bacon d. Martin Luther

Q: How was the Renaissance influenced by religion, philosophy, science, and politics? a. these disciplines led to the closed-mindedness of Renaissance thinkers b. these disciplines led to increased growth of attitudes of curiosity c. these disciplines led to dismissal of a spirit of optimism d. these disciplines led to increased reliance on the dogma of Scholasticism

Q: Which of the following reflects how Descartes was influential in mind-body discussions? a. he advanced discussions of the biological influences on the mind b. he advanced discussions of the mental influences on the body c. he advanced discussions of faith as a way of knowing the mind d. he advanced discussions of systematic observations of the mind