Q&A Hero

Q: The Harvard Business Review is an example of a: a. journal b. trade magazine c. magazine d. bridge publication

Q: Which of the following is a leading journal in I/O psychology? a. Journal of Applied Psychology b. Research in the Study of Work c. I/O Psychology review d. None of these is the leading journal

Q: Conducting a literature review means: a. reading the classics b. seeing if similar research has been conducted c. assessing a study's reading level d. calling other researchers for their opinion

Q: If researchers have trouble forming a hypothesis, they: a. can't conduct their study b. wait until more research is available c. conduct an exploratory study d. guess about the outcome of a study

Q: Which of the following is the reason for WHY a study obtains certain results? a. Hypothesis b. Idea c. Postulation d. Theory

Q: Hypotheses are based on: a. previous research b. logic c. theories d. all three of these

Q: Which of the following was NOT a reason why you should understand research and statistics? a. answering questions b. research is part of everyday life c. common sense is often wrong d. all of these are reasons

Q: According to your text, the most important reason for the reliance on research is that it ultimately: a. reduces accidents b. saves an organization money c. increases employee satisfaction d. reduces turnover

Q: Which of the following would a student in a doctoral program usually have to complete but a student in a master's program would not? a. Thesis b. Dissertation c. Internship d. A statistics course

Q: To get accepted into a graduate program in I/O psychology, a student usually must take which of the following standardized tests? a. LSAT b. MCAT c. SAT d. GRE

Q: Compared to Ph.D.'s, master's level graduates are less often employed by: a. universities b. consulting firms c. the private industry d. the public sector

Q: The greatest number of Ph.D. I/O psychologists work in: a. universities b. consulting firms c. private industry d. the public sector

Q: The use of more sophisticated statistical techniques, a more aggressive approach in developing methods to select employees, and an increased interest in the application of cognitive psychology to industry took place in the: a. 1920s and 30s b. 1940s and 50s c. 1960s and 70s d. 1980s and 90s

Q: The ____ were characterized by passage of several major pieces of civil rights legislation. a. 1930s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s

Q: Changes in employee behavior that result from an employee being studied or receiving increased attention from mangers is called the: a. Hawthorne effect b. Premack principle c. Pygmalion effect d. Peter principle

Q: In which decade were the Hawthorne studies published. a. 1920s b. 1930s c. 1960s d. 1980s

Q: The _____ were a husband and wife team who were among the first scientists to improve productivity and reduce fatigue by studying the motions used by workers. a. Watsons b. Scotts c. Binghams d. Gilbreths

Q: I/O Psychology first started about: a. 1840 b. 1938 c. 1903 d. 1957

Q: Regardless of the official start date, I/O psychology was born in the: a. mid 1800s b. late 1800s c. early 1900s d. mid 1900s

Q: Psychologists involved in _______ study leadership, job satisfaction, and employee motivation. a. personnel psychology b. organizational psychology c. training and development d. human factors

Q: The study of leadership is part of: a. personnel psychology b. training and development c. human factors d. organizational psychology

Q: I/O psychologists who are involved in ________ study and practice in such areas as employee selection, job analysis, and job evaluation. a. personnel psychology b. organizational psychology c. training and development d. human factors

Q: I/O psychology examines factors that affect the _______ in an organization, whereas business fields examine the broader aspects of running an organization. a. people b. machines c. stock performance d. I/O psychology examines all three factors

Q: I/O Psychology is a branch of psychology that _____ in the workplace. a. treats psychological disorders b. applies the principles of psychology c. provides therapy to employees d. all of these equally define I/O psychology

Q: There are three common themes for the nations mentioned in this chapter. The three themes are 1) professional versus scientific priority, 2) shortage of resources, and 3) __________________. a. over-reliance on medicine b. challenge of integrating psychology with their culture c. over-reliance on spiritual healers d. lack of true understanding of the usefulness of psychology

Q: South Africa desperately needs psychologists to assist with which of the following? a. global psychology b. schizophrenia increases c. HIV/AIDS and poverty d. development of the humanistic perspective

Q: How does indigenous Indian psychology specifically differ in focus from Western psychology? a. the emphasis on materialism b. the emphasis on consciousness c. the emphasis on both spiritual and material worlds d. the emphasis on testing

Q: Which of the following seems to be a pervasive problem for the majority of non-Western indigenous psychologies? a. overemphasis on research b. overemphasis on use of case studies c. prioritization of professionally applied interventions over basic research d. prioritization of the biomedical approach

Q: Which of the following best characterizes "liberation psychology"? a. this idea was developed in the 18th century b. this idea was initially developed to be tested in experimental laboratories c. this is a paradigm that states that theories always define situations or problems d. problems should demand or select their own theorization

Q: Which of the following "strands" of psychology emphasizes a highly theoretical or philosophical component? a. native-based weltanschauung psychology b. general psychology c. country- and region-specific psychology d. liberation psychology

Q: Why did Western schools of psychology lose favor in China during the 1950s? a. due to communism b. due to individualism c. due to loss of infrastructure supporting academic and scientific endeavors d. due to dominance of the I Ching

Q: The Jesuits brought to China some of the earliest exposure to psychology. Which of the following cognitive processes did they write about? a. language b. perception c. memory d. intelligence

Q: According to traditional Chinese medicine, psychopathology could be due to an imbalance of _____________. a. humors b. yin and yang c. jen d. jun-zi

Q: To live according to the _________ means to live passively, calmly, and by means of nonaction. a. Jun-zi b. yin c. yang d. tao

Q: One way in which Chinese psychology differs from Western psychology is that the psychology of China de-emphasizes _______________. a. cause and effect relationships b. collectivism c. human nature d. philosophy

Q: The three "isms" that have influenced Chinese culture and thus Chinese psychology are Confucianism, communism, and _________. a. Pluralism b. taoism c. marxism d. relativism

Q: Which of the following is an important event from the 1920s in China? a. the Chinese Psychological Society resumed operation b. China's first psychology lab was established c. radically repressive policies were enforced by the communist leaders d. Confucianism was at the height of influence on psychology in China

Q: China's unique indigenous psychology includes all but which of the following? a. Western psychological theories b. Chinese philosophy c. Chinese Medical Model d. strong influence of the work of Luria and Vygotsky

Q: What is an effect of the Chinese economic reform on Chinese psychology? a. flourishing of psychology departments and labs b. disbanding of the Chinese Psychological Society c. the discipline was made illegal to practice d. psychology was viewed as too individualistic

Q: What was the impact of China's cultural revolution on Chinese psychology? a. psychology was celebrated for its usefulness b. psychology was condemned as elitist c. experimentation in labs was begun d. case studies became the central focus

Q: Which of the following represents a similarity of the U.S. in the 1960s and Russia in the 1800s? a. conservatism b. turbulence c. anti-science rhetoric prevailed d. all of the above

Q: Social psychological problems arising from conditions in Russian society has presently led to which of the following in Russia? a. disinterest in the discipline of psychology b. increased reliance on positive psychology c. increased focus on applied fields within psychology d. increased interest in the work of Pavlov to condition members of society

Q: Who were two of the earliest most respected names in Russian psychology, although they were not psychologist-practitioners? a. Luria and Vygotsky b. Kornilov and Bekhterev c. Pavlov and Sechenov d. Chelpanov and Leontiev

Q: Luria, a student of Vygotsky, was able to conduct research that brought him world acclaim. All but which of the following is associated with Luria? a. perestroika b. lie detector testing c. study of cultural-historical concepts d. brain organization of higher psychic functions

Q: Sechenov's ideas as explained in "Reflexes of the Brain" can be regarded as an extreme _________ perspective. a. pragmatic b. materialist c. positivist d. mentalist

Q: There were few psychologists of the pre-revolutionary Russian era and the early Soviet era. These psychologists came from the __________. a. military b. field of medicine c. West d. lab of Wundt

Q: Bekhterev thought that he had found an objective method for the study of human behavior through his investigation of __________. a. reflexes b. consciousness c. Marxism d. the unconscious

Q: What are the similarities of Chelpanov of Russia and Wundt of Germany? a. both advocated the use of introspection b. both thought the focus of psychology should be faith c. both provided the impetus for the development of psychology as an independent science d. both were strong proponents of materialism

Q: What was Kornilov's objective for psychology? a. pedology b. dialectic synthesis c. pyrotechnics d. dialectical materialism

Q: Which of the following remains a strong presence in the psychology of Russia compared to psychology in America? a. philosophy b. political science c. medicine d. positive psychology

Q: General Systems Theory (GST) was of great interest to psychologist Carolyn Attneave. GST involves all but which of the following? a. systems of values b. multidisciplinary perspectives c. the emotional/cognitive systems d. assimilation

Q: Which of the following accurately describes psychologist Martha Bernal? a. clinical psychologist b. first Latina to be elected president of the APA c. founder of the Minority Fellowship program d. founder of the American Indian Psychologists Association

Q: Which of the following was one of the demands of The Association of Black Psychologists, presented to the APA Board of Directors in 1968? a. a black person should be elected president of the APA b. a quota of representation of black psychologists should exist in the APA membership c. at least one black person should be on the APA Board of Directors d. psychology graduate programs should begin to aggressively recruit African-American faculty and students

Q: Which of the following represents a previous stance of early APA leaders? a. only psychologists who attended certain universities were allowed to join b. only psychologists who paid an astronomical fee for membership could join c. the mind-body issue was deemed insignificant to the association's mission d. they endorsed a very limited role for psychology in social concerns or social problems

Q: Which of the following has the specific goal of assuring that departments of psychology respond to the problem of under-representation of ethnic minorities within the discipline? a. Association of Black Psychologists b. Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest c. Minority Fellowship Program d. The National Latina/o Psychological Association

Q: The Chief Executive Officer of the APA is of what ethnic minority group? a. Asian b. Latino c. Native American d. African American

Q: What is an explanation given in the text for the low representation of Asians in the field of psychology? a. invisibility of the profession to many Asian Americans b. general lack of familiarity with psychology c. underutilization of psychological services by this population d. all of the above

Q: Sumner is the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. For what other reason is he often referred to as the "father of Black American Psychologists"? a. because he conducted the infamous doll study with black children b. because he was the first African American elected as president of the APA c. because he turned Howard University into the premier African-American institute for the study of psychology d. because he founded the Association of Black Psychologists

Q: The civil rights era and the Vietnam War had a major impact on the career of which of the following psychologists? a. Norman Anderson b. Martha Bernal c. Francis Sumner d. Stanley Sue

Q: All but which of the following is listed in the text as a major accomplishment of Dr. Richard Suinn? a. first Asian American elected president of APA b. sports psychologist c. author of eight books d. he established the Asian American Psychological Association in 1972

Q: Washburn was the first woman to officially receive a Ph.D. in psychology in America. She was a(n) _______________. a. hypnotist b. experimentalist c. behavioral therapist d. assessment specialist

Q: A woman is noted in the history of foundational psychology for doing which of the following? a. mental health reform b. heading the APA since the beginning in 1892 c. writing the first classic psychological text d. doing the first lobotomies

Q: Which of the following is a reason why women were not welcome in the earliest psychology classrooms? a. they were not thought to be as intellectual b. they were too easily distracted c. they were thought to be too distracting to the male students d. they became too upset by discussions of certain issues

Q: Which of the following universities figures prominently in the history of psychology for being more accepting of female students? a. Harvard b. Cornell c. Yale d. Brown

Q: What is the "myth of meritocracy" in psychology? a. men are superior to women intellectually b. women's colleges are inferior to men's colleges c. race, gender, and class are not relevant to who receives merit in the field d. all of the above

Q: Von Bingen's work of the 12th century is relevant to our discussion of the history of psychology because she ______________. a. wrote the first type of psychological text b. sought answers to many epistemological and cosmological questions c. worked on the same issues as later structuralists d. focused on the goals of modern-day psychology

Q: Which of the following did Karen Horneye believe to be significant regarding the study of healthy development? a. reduction of anxiety b. the conscious mind c. social networks d. drive reduction

Q: Which of the following procedures is mentioned in introductory psychology textbooks but not credited as being originated by an early female psychologist? a. the token economy b. systematic desensitization c. shaping d. schedules of reinforcement

Q: Women were "forced" to move into applied areas of psychology because of a. marriage and family b. higher levels of empathy c. lack of opportunities in teaching and research d. better pay in applied areas

Q: Which of the following cognitive techniques was originated by a female psychologist? a. higher order conditioning b. metamemory studies c. mnemonics d. paired associate methodology

Q: At the turn of the 20th century, the term "clinical psychology" was synonymous with _________. a. hypnosis b. assessment c. quackery d. analysis of the unconscious

Q: Which of the following is accurate about the variability hypothesis? a. it was proved to be correct that women showed less variability in math skills b. it was proved to be correct that women showed less variability in spatial skills c. it was proved to be correct that men showed greater variability in math skills d. it was proved that the hypothesis could be rejected after careful experimental research

Q: Which of the following disorders was mentioned by Heinz Kohut as a disorder that was not treatable using orthodox Freudian psychoanalysis? a. hysteria b. anxiety c. psychosis d. borderline personality disorder

Q: How did Allport's theory of personality differ dramatically from that of Freud's? a. he emphasized object relations b. he emphasized the conscious, not the unconscious c. he felt it most important to only emphasize the superego d. he emphasized projective identification and splitting

Q: Which of the following is NOT listed by Fromm as one of the methods used to "escape from freedom"? a. ego psychology b. authoritarianism c. destructiveness d. automaton conformity

Q: What does Mahler's stage theory of infant development say about self/identity development? a. the child must eventually recognize that the mother is a separate individual b. the child is often traumatized by the mother c. the child is hindered in development if an only child d. the child should not be allowed to have a toy that he or she becomes overly attached to

Q: Which of the following was Murray's explanation for why we have a need for achievement and affiliation? a. chemical factors in the brain influence these needs b. we are constantly suffering from insecurity c. it satisfies the id d. it satisfies the superego

Q: What is meant by "third force" in psychology? a. the third new wave of pleasure-enhancing drugs b. the third decade of emphasis on positive human characteristics c. the third major attempt to explain consciousness d. a third perspective following the theories espoused by behaviorists and psychoanalysts

Q: Object relations theory is most different from classic psychoanalysis in its belief that the ______ is the core of the psyche. a. id b. superego c. ego d. phantasy

Q: For Freud, libido was primarily pleasure-seeking whereas for Fairbairn libido was _________. a. insignificant b. object-seeking c. anxiety-avoiding d. guilt-ridden