Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following did not contribute to the redefinition of the term youth? A. increased materialism among college students B. a growing college population C. a rise in student activism D. changes in attitudes and values among college students

Q: Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as individuals who are in many ways more mature than adolescents, but not as mature as adults? A. teenagers B. college students C. individuals in their 20s D. emancipated minors

Q: According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until: A. the publication of Seventeen magazine. B. the creation of child labor laws. C. the industrial revolution. D. It has always been recognized as a distinct part of development.

Q: In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? A. what job they performed B. whether they owned property C. marital status D. religious confirmation

Q: The term adolescent became widely used at what time? A. since the 15th century B. since the 18th century C. since the 19th century D. during the 20th century

Q: Which of the following was not an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? A. a shortage of job opportunities B. the lengthening of schooling for adolescents C. an increase in crime D. increased opportunities for adolescents in the workplace

Q: The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of: A. the Industrial Revolution. B. increases in scientific knowledge. C. political changes resulting from the Civil War. D. the advent of technical careers.

Q: Before industrialization, the term youth referred to: A. all children. B. ages 12-24. C. ages 10-18. D. ages 3-12.

Q: Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? A. Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader social environment. B. Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. C. The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. D. Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

Q: Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who: A. develops new products aimed predominantly at the adolescent population. B. argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention. C. believes that many of the problems in adolescence are merely invented by the popular press. D. believes that adolescents need to be kept away from the labor force for their own safety.

Q: Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to: A. ages 3-12. B. ages 5-10. C. anyone under age 18 or 21. D. ages 3-25.

Q: The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called: A. collective efficacy. B. social redefinition. C. social specification. D. self-image stability.

Q: Today, people go through ______ earlier than 100 years ago, but tend to stay in ______ longer. A. puberty; school B. marriage; school C. school; puberty D. school; marriage

Q: In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over: A. a relatively long period of time. B. a few days. C. a few days for males and a relatively longer time for females. D. a relatively short period of time.

Q: Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____. A. shortened; abbreviated B. lengthened; prolonged C. shortened; more continuous D. lengthened; abbreviated

Q: Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following: A. earlier onset of puberty. B. later entry into adult work roles. C. later entry into adult family roles. D. later development of emotional maturity.

Q: Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term emerging adulthood, believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood): A. exists in all cultures. B. exists in almost every culture. C. exists in very few cultures. D. exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

Q: Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following? A. functioning as an independent person B. exploring possible identities before making permanent choices C. the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity D. the subjective feeling that life is full of possibilities

Q: Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained? A. emerging adulthood B. juvenile attainment C. quinceaera D. the age of majority

Q: Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the: A. Piagetian perspective. B. psychometric perspective. C. inventionist perspective. D. contextual perspective.

Q: Imagine that your class just finished discussing all of the ways that poverty negatively affects development. After the discussion, one of your peers turns to you and asks, "Why do people need to continue studying poverty? Don't we already know it's bad? Why is neighborhood research so complicated? Can we just use the funds that currently support this type of research to relocate families living in impoverished neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods?" What would you tell your classmate?

Q: Which of the following is not one of the areas of fundamental change in adolescence? A. biological B. social C. conceptual D. cognitive

Q: Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a warrior by his tribesmen. This change in Kaji's role and status may be referred to as: A. status offense. B. scarification. C. social redefinition. D. inventionist.

Q: Which of the following research findings supports the hypothesis that, "under conditions of low collective efficacy, social problems are contagious"? A. Adolescents who associate with delinquent peers are more likely to be drawn into criminal and delinquent activity. B. Adolescents who live in neighborhoods with high rates of teenage childbearing are exposed to large numbers of peers who are relatively more tolerant of this behavior, which affects their own attitudes toward premarital childbearing. C. Both statements A and B support the hypothesis. D. Neither of these statements supports the hypothesis.

Q: Which of the following is not true for adolescents who have been exposed to violence? A. they are more likely to engage in violence B. they more likely to think about killing themselves C. they are more likely to report symptoms of depression D. they are less likely to experience feelings of hopelessness

Q: Which of the following is a sign of Americanization? A. speaking English exclusively B. speaking English in addition to your native language C. having American-born children D. having an abrupt transition into adulthood

Q: Which of the following is not associated with transition difficulties in adolescence? A. spending a lot of time with peers B. being a member of a minority group C. living in poverty D. the absence of affluent neighbors

Q: How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents? A. Social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. B. Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation. C. Adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to violence. D. All of the above are true.

Q: Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households and survive on welfare. Tamika, however, lives in a better neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant? A. Tamika B. Theresa C. both Tamika and Theresa have an equal chance D. unable to determine

Q: Who of the following is likely to have limited economic and occupational success, which will affect the transition into adulthood? A. Ella, who experienced an out-of-wedlock pregnancy during adolescence B. Lula, who is an unemployed adolescent C. Gerald, who dropped out of high school D. All of these factors are likely to disrupt the transition into adulthood.

Q: Evaluations of mentoring programs have indicated that: A. mentoring is a sufficient program to meet the needs of at-risk youth. B. the success of mentoring depends on the amount of financial support for the program. C. the success of the mentoring program depends on characteristics of the mentor, the mentee, and the relationship between the two. D. mentoring tends to be more successful when the mentor involves the adolescent in 1 to 2 specific activities.

Q: Relocation studies that have randomly chosen poor families to either stay where they are living or move to a more advantaged neighborhood have found: A. that those from high-poverty neighborhoods who move to more advantaged neighborhoods have better outcomes than those who were originally from medium or low-poverty neighborhoods. B. that relocation may be more beneficial for boys than girls. C. mixed results. D. adolescents who moved to a better area had better psychological and behavioral outcomes compared to those who stayed in poor neighborhoods.

Q: What may explain the results from the studies that have relocated adolescents from poor neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods? A. Adolescents may encounter more discrimination in the new neighborhood. B. Parents of adolescents in more advantaged neighborhoods may monitor their children more vigilantly. C. Adolescents who moved to a new neighborhood may end up feeling less disadvantaged. D. More advantaged neighborhoods allow access to more resources than the poor neighborhoods do.

Q: Taken together, research studies have determined that growing up in a poor neighborhood: A. has negative effects on adolescent behavior, achievement, and mental health, and these effects are above and beyond those effects attributable to growing up in a poor family. B. has no effect on adolescent development after you take the effect of family income into account. C. is only associated with negative outcomes for minority adolescents. D. will cause adolescents to rush the transition into adult roles.

Q: According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to: A. smoke cigarettes or binge drink. B. feel as though he or she has established meaningful interpersonal relationships. C. increase in health-benefiting behaviors. D. receive high grades in school.

Q: In general, according to the textbook, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant adolescents? A. No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes. B. Yes, Americanization appears to be associated with better outcomes. C. The textbook indicates that Americanization is associated with both better and worse outcomes. D. Yes, Americanization has been associated with less likelihood of drug and alcohol use.

Q: The transition into adulthood 50 or 60 years ago was characterized by _____ prior preparation for family roles and _____ prior preparation for work roles. A. more; less B. more; more C. less; more D. less; less

Q: Some researchers have suggested that ______ __ in contemporary society has (have) caused difficulties for many of today's youth, especially poor or minority youth. A. the discontinuous and prolonged nature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood B. the hormonal changes associated with puberty C. the overwhelming of adolescents with adult responsibilities D. the practice of youth apprenticeships

Q: Based on Grisso and colleague's competency study, should we assume a 15-year-old is definitely more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old? A. No, about 1/5 of 14- to 15-year-olds and about 1/3 of 13 and younger children are likely to be found to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who have been determined to be not competent to stand trial. B. The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her ability as a mentally ill adult. C. Both adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent. D. The results from the Grisso study cannot be used to predict whether a 15- or 13-year-old would be competent to stand trial.

Q: Compared to approximately 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment _____ and live under adult supervision _____ than adolescents in earlier times. A. later; more B. later; less C. earlier; more D. earlier; less

Q: Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are: A. more likely to understand their rights. B. less likely to confess to a crime than remain silent. C. more likely to discuss disagreements with their attorney. D. None of the above is true.

Q: Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents may be less blameworthy than adults? A. Roper v. Simmons B. Hodgson v. Minnesota C. Board of Education v. Mergens D. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

Q: One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescence is that courts have ruled that teenagers have the right to obtain ________; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescents to obtain _____. A. cigarettes; contraceptives B. vulgar magazines; contraceptives C. contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines D. vulgar magazines; cigarettes

Q: Who will have the most difficulty negotiating the transition into adolescence? A. Brian, an Asian American B. Ken, a White American C. Charlie, a Hispanic American D. Mara, a White American

Q: According to the textbook, today, about _____ of American adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of this century, it is estimated that nearly _____ of American adolescent will be non-White. A. 45%; 1/3 B. 10%; 2/3 C. 10%; 1/3 D. 45%; 2/3

Q: The transition into adulthood is more likely to be impeded among minority teenagers because they: A. are more likely to grow up poor. B. experience more prejudice and discrimination. C. are more economically dependent on their parents than their White peers. D. are more likely to be involved in gangs.

Q: Black, Hispanic, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which race(s)? A. White youth only B. Asian youth only C. White and Asian youth D. None of the above is the correct answer.

Q: Changes in social definition will likely have profound effects on developments in the domains of: A. achievement, spirituality, and identity. B. achievement, sexuality, and autonomy. C. sexuality, achievement, and identity. D. sexuality, autonomy, achievement, and identity.

Q: Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult? A. Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals. B. It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty. C. These laws have been in place for 100s of years and they are difficult to change. D. Most adolescents look older than they feel.

Q: Approximately what percentage of American 18- to 24-year-olds live with or are supported financially by their parents? A. 90% B. 15% C. 55% D. 70%

Q: Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the: A. Leave It to Beaver generation. B. baby-boom generation. C. "Free Love" generation. D. Great Depression generation.

Q: In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____. A. 20; 27 B. 26; 20 C. 30; 27 D. 20; 20

Q: Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. This view is most closely associated with the: A. continuous transition. B. discontinuous transition. C. longitudinal perspective. D. abstemious approach.

Q: Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is: A. short and smooth. B. short and rocky. C. long and disorderly. D. long and smooth.

Q: Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the: A. continuous transition. B. discontinuous transition. C. longitudinal perspective. D. abstemious approach.

Q: Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition? A. attenuated B. longitudinal C. discontinuous D. continuous

Q: In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly: A. discontinuous. B. continuous. C. smooth. D. None of the above.

Q: The current transition into adult occupations in America is considered a: A. functional transition. B. discontinuous transition. C. continuous transition. D. consonant transition.

Q: All of the following are aspects of social redefinition described in the textbook except: A. the passing on of information from the older generation. B. the accentuation of differences between males and females. C. the real or symbolic separation from parents. D. the completion of formal schooling.

Q: The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are: A. full of sexual innuendos. B. unclear and inconsistent. C. outdated. D. inappropriate for young people.

Q: In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to? A. traditional B. contemporary C. child protectionist D. non-industrialized

Q: Charles feels older than most of the other kids in his grade. He is more likely to engage in all of the following activities except: A. spending more time with opposite-sex peers. B. greater achievement in school. C. feel more autonomous. D. engage in problem behavior.

Q: Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with: A. marriage. B. menarche. C. scarification. D. the completion of formal schooling.

Q: Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is ________; among Inuit adolescents in the Canadian Arctic, the most important is ________: A. getting married; accepting responsibility for oneself. B. moving in with a prospective mate; supporting oneself financially. C. accepting responsibility for oneself; the establishment of a marriage-like relationship. D. being able to support oneself financially; becoming a parent.

Q: Research has established that circumcision: A. is associated with negative outcomes for both males and females. B. is associated with positive outcomes for both males and females. C. is associated with negative outcomes for males but not for females. D. is associated with negative outcomes for females but not for males.

Q: According to the textbook, all of the following statements about female circumcision are true except: A. although the risks are well-known, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States has grown to 18% of female adolescents. B. female circumcision carries zero health benefits. C. female circumcision can cause infection and chronic pain during urination, menstruation, and sexual intercourse. D. after circumcision, it is virtually impossible for a woman to achieve an orgasm during sex.

Q: Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood. A. continuous B. discontinuous C. exaggerated D. protracted

Q: For Sally's 13th birthday, her mother has agreed to let her get her ears pierced. In traditional societies, this type of body ritual may be equated to: A. epiphysis. B. extrusion. C. voodoo. D. scarification

Q: What is the most striking aspect of the transition into adulthood for contemporary adolescents? A. The extended amount of time between pubertal onset and the achievement of adult work and family roles. B. The discontinuity in the transition into adulthood. C. The expanded range of opportunities for today's adolescents. D. Feeling more mature than adolescents, but less mature than adults.

Q: Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as: A. cohorts. B. age groups. C. longitudinal groups. D. quinceaera groups.

Q: Which of the following themes is generally not a universal element in the process of social redefinition? A. the accentuation of physical and social differences between males and females B. the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her parents C. the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community D. the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

Q: Social scientists believe that the transition from adolescence into adulthood in contemporary society is: A. too rocky. B. too vague. C. too long. D. All of the above responses are true.

Q: In some cultures (and in earlier American cohorts), the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition of adolescence occurs partly because of: A. the physical changes of puberty. B. adult work roles are highly sex-differentiated. C. adult family roles are highly sex-differentiated. D. All of the above.

Q: What might explain why adolescence has been elongated? A. the delayed onset of puberty B. recent brain imaging studies that have indicated that the prefrontal cortex is still developing until the age of 25 C. the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships D. the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

Q: According to the textbook, in non-Western cultures, there is huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more _____, whereas boys are given more ____. A. subject to the control of adults; responsibilities B. subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy C. likely to be regulated by community standards; family-level rules D. likely to be watched and scrutinized; privacy

Q: The Bas Mitzvah, the confirmation, and the quinceaera are all examples of: A. graduations. B. inventionism. C. initiation ceremonies. D. universal rights of passage.

Q: Which of the following is not an example of the contemporary version of scarification? A. brushing teeth B. using makeup C. shaving face or legs D. ear piercing

Q: The Bar Mitzvah and Bas Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's practice of: A. extrusion. B. the accentuation of male and female differences. C. cohorts. D. counterculture.

Q: Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is: A. viewed as potentially dangerous. B. supported by the adolescents' parents. C. also legal for adults. D. viewed as having potential benefit.

Q: Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony? A. graduating from high school B. a quinceaera C. a Bas Mitzvah D. obtaining a driver's license