Q&A Hero

Q: According to a study by Caldwell and Darling presented in the textbook, research indicates spending time after school with friends is most problematic under which circumstance? A. when they lack supervision B. when the adolescent has friends who like to party and use drugs C. when the adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure D. it is the combination of all of the above

Q: The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day. A. 1-20 texts B. 21-50 texts C. 51-100 D. more than 100

Q: Jeb has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to choose: A. music. B. science. C. athletics. D. a job.

Q: Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study? A. cross-sectional B. prospective C. longitudinal D. All of the above.

Q: The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following? A. the media practice model B. the routine activity theory C. the uses and gratifications approach D. cultivation theory

Q: What proportion of American households has at least one television? A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV. B. Except for adolescents who live in low-income, single-parent, or disadvantaged homes, the majority of American households have at least one TV. C. More than 50% of American households have at least one TV. D. Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have at least one TV; however, about 50% of lower-income families have a TV.

Q: Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are _____ among teenage workers than nonworkers, especially among students who _____. A. lower; choose not to work at all B. higher; also participate in athletics C. higher; choose to work long hours D. higher; are involved in 2 or more extracurricular activities

Q: How has the digital divide changed over the last 50 years? A. As a result of the accessibility of new technologies, the digital divide has continued to grow. B. As public access to the Internet has spread, the digital divide has become larger. C. Because the Internet has become more accessible to more and more people, the digital divide has become much smaller. D. Because smartphones have become more popular and common, the digital divide has become larger in recent years.

Q: In recent years, studies of adolescents' consumer behavior have noted the strong influence teens have over one another when it comes to spending money. Advertisers have taken advantage of Internet sites such as YouTube, MySpace, and Facebook to utilize what kind of marketing? A. viral marketing B. pandemic marketing C. social marketing D. underground marketing

Q: When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood? A. when they are with friends B. when they are working C. when they are with their family D. when they are alone

Q: Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas moods while with their families follow a(n) _____ pattern. A. increasingly positive B. increasingly negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

Q: Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to expend high levels of concentration and interest when he is: A. with his friends. B. in school. C. playing sports. D. watching television.

Q: Kent has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. In order to curb this type of behavior, Kent's parents should: A. encourage Kent to get a full-time job. B. encourage Kent to get a part-time job. C. enroll Kent in a larger school. D. enroll Kent in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.

Q: The most popular type of extracurricular activities is: A. athletics. B. music. C. academic clubs. D. occupational clubs.

Q: Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among adolescents? A. music-related and academic-related B. academic-related and church-related C. occupation-related and music-related D. church-related and occupation-related

Q: With respect to the rate of unemployment, which of the following is a "recent" phenomenon? A. the high unemployment rate for high school dropouts B. the high rate of unemployment among high school graduates who do not go to college C. the high rate of unemployment for high school dropouts and non-college-bound high school graduates D. None of these is a recent phenomenon.

Q: Considering the changing labor market, which of the following strategies would be most likely to prevent high rates of youth unemployment? A. to give employers financial incentives to employ undereducated employees B. to reform schools so that all students graduate with enough academic skills to enroll in college C. to change the age limit of service jobs D. to expand employment opportunities in the private sector

Q: Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what? A. pro-bono youth development B. preventative youth development C. cultivating decent youths D. positive youth development

Q: Who of the following is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities? A. youth from more affluent families and youth who earn average or below-average grades B. students from larger schools C. youth who earn better grades D. youth in more urban communities

Q: Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through: A. job training. B. volunteer programs. C. participation in the Armed Forces. D. helping adolescents stay in school.

Q: Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true? A. Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school. B. Though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school, the specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to undergo frequent changes. C. Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to become highly involved by the end of high school. D. Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents' mental health.

Q: The Experience Sampling Method involves: A. observing individuals in their natural setting. B. witnessing change in the makeup of the population. C. adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged. D. researchers becoming participants during their observations.

Q: The Experience Sampling Method was created by: A. Greenberger. B. Larson. C. Steinberg. D. Bachman.

Q: Larson's study that used the experience sampling method investigated whether adolescents' moods varied as a function of whom they were with and whether the connection between mood and companionship changed with age. What were the primary results of the study? A. In general, adolescents' moods are generally most positive when they are with their friends, least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their family. B. Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more positive, whereas their moods while with their family follow a curvilinear pattern. C. Both of these statements are true. D. Neither of these statements is true.

Q: Emma is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her electronic pager goes off. Emma proceeds to pull out a notebook and record her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called: A. ethnography. B. participant observation. C. Experience Sampling Method. D. demography.

Q: Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on? A. drugs and alcohol B. designer clothing C. higher education D. stereo equipment

Q: What makes adolescents attractive targets for a variety of businesses? A. the size of the adolescent population B. the prevalence of student employment C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group D. All of the above.

Q: As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to: A. be absent from school. B. graduate from high school. C. spend more time on their homework. D. be less cynical about the workplace.

Q: Which of the following is not associated with adolescents who work? A. greater absences from school B. greater enjoyment of school C. less time spent on homework D. earn lower grades

Q: Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____. A. alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol B. computer software; computer software C. drugs such as marijuana and cocaine; illegal drugs D. health-related injuries; emergency visits

Q: Which of the following has not been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more than 20 hours per week? A. lowered school achievement B. copying homework from friends or other forms of cheating C. more involvement in extracurricular activities D. taking less demanding classes

Q: How are nonworking students affected when large numbers of students in their school work? A. They become jealous of their working peers' affluence. B. The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations and assign less homework. C. They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school. D. They are not generally affected.

Q: Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner: A. is likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility. B. is less likely to engage in delinquent activities than his nonworking peers. C. may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers. D. likely to report his fellow workers for their delinquent behavior.

Q: Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following? A. aggression B. school misconduct C. minor delinquency D. All of the above.

Q: Pam smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on the options below and according to the textbook, which scenario is most likely? A. Pam is unemployed. B. Pam works long hours. C. Pam is spending too much time with her supervisor. D. Pam's job is not very stressful.

Q: Approximately ____ of teens are out of school, unemployed, and looking for full-time work. A. 3% B. 15% C. 25% D. 40%

Q: Which of the following statements about unemployed youth is false? A. Today, the unemployment rate among recent high school graduates who have not continued their education is similar to the unemployment rate among high school dropouts. B. The majority of unemployed youth are individuals who have not gone very far in school. C. Today, the unemployment rate among dropouts is twice as high as it is among recent high school graduates who have not enrolled in college. D. Five years ago, the unemployment rate among dropouts was twice as high as it was among recent high school graduates who were not in college.

Q: According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination? A. a lack of structure B. lower-than-average intelligence C. socializing with peers D. the absence of adult supervision

Q: Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on: A. family necessities. B. leisure activities C. household expenses. D. college expenses.

Q: Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called: A. precocious income. B. displacement abundance. C. occupational disparity. D. premature affluence.

Q: Which of the following is not an effect of premature affluence? A. decreased satisfaction with their financial situations as young adults B. increased social belongingness C. increased drug and alcohol use D. having a relatively luxurious standard of living

Q: Stan's parents both work long hours. They are concerned that he doesn't have enough interaction with adults. If they want him to be exposed to positive interactions with adult role models, which of the following activities should they not encourage him to do? A. join the high school baseball team B. run for student council C. get a job at the local music store D. joining the drama team and audition for the school play

Q: Research assessing adolescent work experiences found: A. adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job. B. adolescents often form close relationships with adults with whom they work. C. high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying about the number of hours worked). D. adolescents find it easier to talk about their personal problems with adults at work than with their parents.

Q: Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs? A. They encourage adolescents to behave independently. B. They require challenging decision making. C. Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school. D. Adolescents receive strict instruction from supervisors.

Q: Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs: A. are dreary. B. offer good learning experiences. C. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility. D. pay well.

Q: Generally speaking, why are part-time jobs less common in European countries? A. As the school day lasts well into the late afternoon, the scheduling of part-time jobs in most European countries is not well suited to the daily routines of students. B. Many low-class parents feel that it is inappropriate for their children to have jobs while attending school. C. There are not as many opportunities for part-time employment in European countries as there are in the United States. D. There are laws in many European countries that prevent schoolchildren from working.

Q: Which of the following statements is not supported by research with regard to adolescent employment? A. Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them prepare for adult responsibilities. B. The benefits of working during adolescence have been overstated. C. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescent development. D. Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescents' preparation for adult work.

Q: A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what? A. a curvy line pattern B. a linear pattern C. a quadratic pattern D. a curvilinear pattern

Q: Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to: A. become more socially responsible. B. know how to manage his money better. C. drop out of school. D. not engage in drug and alcohol use.

Q: Older students are more likely to hold _____ jobs and working teenagers in rural areas are more likely to be employed in _____ jobs. A. formal; agricultural B. formal; informal C. service jobs; agricultural D. service jobs; informal jobs

Q: What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have? A. baby-sitting or childcare B. farm or agricultural job C. store clerk or salesperson D. fast-food-related job

Q: According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development? A. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the transition to adulthood. B. Working interferes with other activities, such as school. C. Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

Q: Who is more likely to hold a part-time job during high school? A. Gino, a Canadian adolescent B. Cheri, a Swedish adolescent C. Hope, a Japanese adolescent D. Selena, an American adolescent

Q: Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say? A. movie theater usher and nurses' aide B. baby-sitting and lawn work C. fast-food worker and clothing store cashier D. receptionist and paper carrier

Q: Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have? A. food server at a restaurant B. baby-sitter C. gardener D. housekeeper

Q: Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in: A. construction and manual labor. B. restaurants and retail establishments. C. offices and other clerical settings. D. factories and manufacturing plants.

Q: Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take? A. stock boy in a retail store B. cashier at a minimart C. pizza delivery driver D. baby-sitter

Q: According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except: A. industrialization. B. the expansion of the service sector. C. the expansion of the retail sector. D. a relatively short school day compared with other countries.

Q: Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment? A. need for part-time workers B. abundance of low-wage positions C. short shift schedules D. All of the above.

Q: Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs today? A. Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history. B. More adolescents have after-school jobs today than at any time in recent history. C. The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has been relatively stable for the last four or five decades. D. None of these statements is true.

Q: American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____. A. 10; 20 hours per week B. 20; 20 hours per week C. 5; 5 hours per day D. 5; 5 hours per week

Q: Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading? A. Jeanne Marie, who lives in France B. Valheida, who lives in Austria C. Jeannette, who lives in the United States D. Momoko, who lives in Japan

Q: The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this? A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school. B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission. C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and qualified adults without jobs. D. The growth of new technologies during the first part of the twenty-first century expanded leisure opportunities for many teenagers.

Q: Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends? A. Jenny, who lives in the United States B. Genevieve, who lives in France C. Juana, who lives in Span D. Jae, who lives in Korea

Q: Approximately how many of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school job before graduating? A. a handful B. about 1 in 2 C. less than 10% D. the majority

Q: Which of the following statements about the history of the student worker is not true? A. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs rose dramatically during the 1970s. B. The proportion of American high School students holding part-time jobs has decreased in the last 15 years. C. The proportion of American High school students holding part-time jobs increased dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century. D. The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs declined during the first four decades of the twentieth century.

Q: Today's teenagers spend the most hours: A. on schoolwork. B. with members of their families. C. on leisure activities. D. working.

Q: All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except: A. organized youth movements. B. compulsory schooling. C. improved economics after World War II. D. adolescents gained more autonomy and became consumers with plenty of discretionary income.

Q: What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s? A. Boys had a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and girls had a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities. B. There was a significant decline in time devoted to homework among girls. C. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and leisure activities. D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

Q: According to a survey conducted in the early 2000s, how do adolescents spend most of their leisure time? A. in passive activities B. on the computer C. in physical activities D. in intellectual activities

Q: Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities. A. productive; maintenance B. productive; leisure C. maintenance; productive D. maintenance; leisure

Q: Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes? A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem B. higher school achievement C. increasing their contact with adult role models D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

Q: What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time? A. Adolescents' free time is best thought of as a "zero sum" phenomenon, whereby involvement in one activity displaces involvement in another. B. There appear to be well-rounded adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many different activities and others who do not participate in anything. C. There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who focus on one type of activity and others who are nonparticipants. D. There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities.

Q: Kate is a new teacher for students of adolescent psychology and she wants to know what she can do to maximize her students' learning and achievement. Based on research discussed in the textbook, what can Kate do to establish a classroom climate most conducive to learning and academic achievement?

Q: Imagine that you (an adolescent development expert!) have been asked to talk to city council members about the No Child Left Behind Act. The council wants to know the history of the act, including a discussion of why it was signed into law, and the intended, as well as unintended, effects. Be sure to discuss the problems with the original NCLB Act, and discuss what the current administration is doing to remedy the problems that had developed during the early years of the policy.

Q: The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called: A. self-fulfilling prophecy. B. student engagement. C. tracking. D. desegregation.

Q: Generalizing from the textbook, who would benefit most from summer school? A. Ron, an adolescent living in a low-SES neighborhood B. Bill, an adolescent living in a high-SES neighborhood C. both Ron and Bill D. neither Ron nor Bill

Q: Today, _____ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation. A. more than three-fourth B. approximately one-third C. approximately one-half D. more than two-thirds

Q: Based on the textbook, which of the following statements is not an accurate description of most other industrialized nations? A. postsecondary education is likely to be monopolized by monolithic public universities B. individuals are often separated into college- and non-college-bound tracks early in adolescence C. postsecondary education systems are composed of a wide variety of public and private two- and four-year institutions, some emphasizing a liberal arts education and others focusing more on technical, vocational, and pre-professional training D. all high school students are not housed in a comprehensive high school

Q: Of the students who enter college, what percent complete their degrees within six years? A. a little more than 20% B. fewer than 40% C. fewer than 60% D. just about 75%