Q&A Hero

Q: Statistics on the age at which young people marry indicate that: A. it is approximately the same for males and females. B. girls marry younger today than in their mothers' generation. C. both males and females tend to be much older at first marriage than in the 1950s. D. more males than females marry before they are 20.

Q: Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will begin dating? A. chronological age B. biological development C. the school/community norms D. whether he or she has older siblings

Q: According to one study from Furman and Simon, on whom does an internal working model of relationships have the greatest affect? A. Sarah, an adolescent girl B. Tom, an adolescent boy C. An internal working model of relationships has an equal affect on boys and girls D. An internal working model of relationships has no affect on boys or girls

Q: Which of the following statements about sex differences in partner preferences is true? A. Although girls may believe that they place more weight on interpersonal qualities (such as support and intimacy) than physical attractiveness, controlled experiments indicate that girls are more influenced by physical attractiveness than they think. B. Across adolescence and young adulthood, boys are more likely to emphasize the importance of physical attractiveness. C. Natural observational studies and controlled experiments indicate that girls are more likely to emphasize the desirability of interpersonal qualities in their prospective partners and boys are more attuned to the physical attractiveness of their prospective mate. D. Boys' and girls' internal working models of relationships are most sensitive to evolutionary clues that lead an individual to select a mate that offers the best probability of having healthy offspring.

Q: The ways in which adolescents interact with romantic partners changes with development, with increasing _____. A. desires for more independence B. willingness to acknowledge, analyze and work through disagreements C. sources of conflict D. pressure to engage in antisocial behavior

Q: Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date? A. Hillary B. Jesse C. neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date D. both Hillary and Jesse are likely to date

Q: The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about _____ months. A. 2 B. 6 C. 12 D. 18

Q: Within the United States and in Canada, adolescents of which racial/ethnic group are the least likely to date? A. Asian B. Hispanic C. American Indian D. White

Q: Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will engage in sexual behavior? A. chronological age B. biological development C. the school norm D. the age of their parents

Q: Which of the following factors is not closely related to when an adolescent will begin dating? A. family instability B. community norms C. when peers start dating D. depressive symptomatology

Q: Ron will be going to a new school in the fall. According to a research study presented in the textbook, what would be most effective in making this transition less stressful? A. calling the guidance counselors at the new school to alert them to Ron's arrival B. encouraging Ron to sever ties with his current school so that he enters his new school with no prior attachments C. letting Ron establish his autonomy by fending for himself D. providing Ron with social support and encouragement from parents and peers at school

Q: Justin, a 16-year-old, has a substance-abuse problem. According to a research study presented in the textbook, to whom is he most likely to turn for help? A. his teacher B. his friends C. his parents D. his siblings

Q: Which adolescent would be predicted to have the closest relationship with a maternal grandfather? A. a boy living with both of his biological parents B. a girl living with both of her biological parents C. a boy whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with his divorced mother D. a girl whose body is just starting to undergo the physical changes of puberty and is living with her divorced mother

Q: During preadolescence, _____ is the single most important determinant of friendship. A. sex B. ethnicity C. socioeconomic status D. neighborhood

Q: In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found: A. cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers. B. as the number of same-sex peers increases, the number of cross-sex peers decreases. C. as the number of cross-sex peers increases, the number of same-sex peers either stays the same or increases. D. although cross-sex interactions increase, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

Q: Dating among adolescents today is largely a: A. recreational activity. B. part of the courtship process. C. part of mating selection. D. meaningless activity.

Q: Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their peers and their families: A. close family relationships do not necessarily reflect close peer relationships. B. close peer relationships do not necessarily reflect close family relationships. C. peer and family relationships suggest little support for attachment theory. D. improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships.

Q: Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with parents is true? A. Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers. B. Adolescents interact more often and are closer to their mother; however both sons and daughters report arguing more often with their fathers than their mothers. C. There are no differences in adolescents' level or degree of interaction with mothers and fathers. D. Sons interact more often and are closer to fathers and daughters interact more often and are closer to mothers.

Q: In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest? A. mother-son relationship B. mother-daughter relationship C. father-son relationship D. father-daughter relationship

Q: In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate? A. mother-son relationship B. mother-daughter relationship C. father-son relationship D. father-daughter relationship

Q: Girls are _____ likely to confide in friends than boys. This is primarily because _____. A. more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel better B. less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel vulnerable C. more; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel empowered D. less; girls expect that self-disclosure will make them feel weird

Q: Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among adolescents than younger children? A. play B. association C. shared activities D. loyalty

Q: According to research presented in the textbook, the expression of intimacy is more advanced among adolescent girls than among boys. What is a consequence of this advanced intimacy? A. Girls' mental health is more positively affected than boys' when things are going well in relationships B. Girls' mental health is more negatively affected than boys' when things are going poorly in relationships. C. Both A and B are true. D. Neither A nor B is true.

Q: Which of the following friendship qualities would be most important to Sarah, a 14-year-old female adolescent? A. self-disclosure B. loyalty C. honesty D. openness

Q: Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend: A. criticizes Fatimah's clothes. B. spends more time with a new friend she has made. C. cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister. D. disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

Q: Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called? A. co-rumination B. being intimate C. engaging in mutual self-disclosure D. co-internal working model

Q: Which of the following is described by the textbook as being a "double-edged sword" (at least for girls)? A. emotional mimicry B. self-disclosure C. internal working models D. co-rumination

Q: All of the following are examples of the ways adolescents display intimacy with their friends, except: A. they know what their friends worry about. B. their behaviors and emotional states are frequently synchronized. C. they respond sensitively to their friends' feelings. D. they become less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their disagreements.

Q: Girls are more likely than boys to express intimacy with their friends by doing all of the following, except: A. having intimate knowledge about their friends. B. expressing empathy when comforting their friends. C. displaying a great deal of interest in close friendships. D. being concerned about a friend's faithfulness and experiencing a high degree of anxiety over rejection.

Q: Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by: A. letting things slide. B. engaging in physical aggression. C. engaging in verbal aggression. D. apologizing.

Q: The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____. A. increases; increases B. decreases; decreases C. decreases; remains stable D. increases; remains stable

Q: Carol, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma and she needs advice. To whom is Carol likely to turn for this support? A. her friends B. her parents C. an adult expert outside the family D. it depends on the specific issue at hand

Q: Being securely attached in adolescence is associated with all of the following outcomes, except: A. more stable romantic relationships than their insecure counterparts. B. better academic success. C. rejection sensitivity in adulthood. D. better social competence.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the adolescent classifications in the Adult Attachment Interviews? A. secure B. avoidant C. dismissing D. preoccupied

Q: Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are securely attached in infancy are likely to: A. be socially competent in childhood. B. be securely attached to close friends in adolescence. C. have positive romantic relationships in adulthood. D. All of these statements are true.

Q: It appears the Daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. For example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Daniel replies, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." Based on the classifications, Daniel would be categorized as: A. secure. B. anxious avoidant attachment. C. anxious-resistant attachment. D. preoccupied.

Q: Jennifer has never had a very good relationship with her parents, especially her mom. Lately, Jennifer has been exhibiting quite a lot of depressive symptomatology along with an extremely disordered relationship with food. Based on research from the textbook and according to the Adult Attachment Interview, which attachment style would you guess Jennifer most likely falls under? A. anxious B. dismissive or preoccupied C. avoidant D. secure

Q: With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to: A. communicate with people they have offline relationships with. B. meet new people. C. spend time interacting with people their parents would not approve of. D. become obsessive, to the point of neglecting in-person relationships.

Q: Which of the following explanations of friendship would probably be associated with the oldest child? A. "He always wants to play with me." B. "He will stick up for me when a bully picks on me." C. "He helps me figure out how to build things." D. "He likes to go to the park with me."

Q: Allison says that Susan is her friend because she can tell Susan secrets and Susan won't tell anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on: A. play. B. prosocial behavior. C. intimacy and trust. D. association.

Q: Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. early adolescence. D. middle adolescence.

Q: Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships: A. show that emotional attachments in adolescence were influenced by attachments formed in infancy. B. suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains. C. demonstrate different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains. D. show that early life attachments may not be relevant to relationships developed during adolescence.

Q: During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing: A. a Q-sort technique. B. an intimate ideology. C. an internal working model. D. a social support theory.

Q: Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds: A. a consistent link between infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships. B. little continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships. C. stability of attachment over time that withstands the pressures of major life events. D. early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

Q: The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal working model of relationships is called the: A. Adult Attachment Interview. B. Q-sort. C. Intimacy Measure. D. Adolescent Security Scale.

Q: Dr. Diamond conducts an interview with a patient in order to assess the history of the patient's attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond use? A. the Adult Attachment Interview B. the Q-sort C. the Longitudinal Attachment Measure D. the Adolescent Security Scale

Q: Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe: A. oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in infancy and early childhood. B. the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar. C. the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers. D. an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

Q: One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that: A. adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. B. adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. C. adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression. D. there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether he or she scores high or low on rejection sensitivity.

Q: Which of the following statements about sibling relationships is not true? A. Intimacy in sibling relationships is a complicated matter, often including a mix of feelings of affection and rivalry. B. Generally, adolescents say they are less intimate with siblings than with parents or friends. C. Adolescents fight less with brothers and sisters than they do with close friends. D. Arguments with siblings tend to be resolved more through the intervention of parents than by letting things slide.

Q: Over the course of adolescence, conflict between siblings ________, and this may be due to the fact that siblings spend _____ time together in adolescence than they did in childhood. A. decreases; less B. decreases; more C. increases; less D. increases; more

Q: Which developmental period appears to be when warmth and closeness for siblings is at its lowest point? A. late childhood B. early adolescence C. middle adolescence D. late adolescence

Q: The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called: A. attachment. B. goodness-of-fit. C. symbiosis. D. the secure base.

Q: An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment? A. secure B. anxious-avoidant C. anxious-resistant D. anxious-secure

Q: Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria? A. secure attachment B. anxious-resistant attachment C. anxious-avoidant attachment D. indifferent attachment

Q: Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in childhood? A. anxious-resistant B. secure C. anxious-avoidant D. dependent

Q: Discuss the changes in the way(s) adolescents think about prosocial issues and the changes in their willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. Do adolescents' beliefs about prosocial phenomena predict the extent to which they engage in prosocial behavior? What do adolescents think about prosocial acts that have a self-serving goal? What types of prosocial behavior are common among adolescents? Who is likely to engage in service learning and what are the effects of volunteering? Is "forcing" adolescents to "volunteer" likely to have positive impacts?

Q: During __________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls. A. middle adolescence B. late adolescence C. early adolescence D. late childhood

Q: Which of the following statements about intimate friendships for youth adolescent girls is not true? A. they have a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems B. their friendships are fragile C. their friendships are more easily disrupted by feelings of betrayal D. their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' friendships do.

Q: Adolescents' close friendships are distinguished from their casual friendships in the types of conflicts they have. Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are _______ frequent than they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are ________ emotional. A. less; more B. more; less C. slightly more; less D. more; never

Q: A. substantial; modest B. modest; substantial C. negligible; substantial D. modest; negligible

Q: Research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that: A. intimacy must develop first. B. identity must develop first. C. individuals follow different developmental paths. D. identity and intimacy development are uncorrelated.

Q: Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships with: A. parents. B. peers. C. important non-parental adults. D. Both A and B are correct.

Q: According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him? A. an adolescent from Mexico B. an adolescent from China C. an adolescent from Japan D. an adolescent from France

Q: When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs? A. during junior high B. during middle school C. during high school D. during the early years of college

Q: During adolescence, the importance of religion: A. increases. B. decreases. C. decreases during early adolescence and then begins to increase. D. remains the same.

Q: According to U.S. surveys, what percent of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group? A. about 85% B. about 50% C. about 35% D. less than 20%

Q: The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of ________ autonomy. A. adolescent B. behavioral C. emotional D. cognitive

Q: Madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline: A. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion. B. would be more likely than other adolescents to rebel against constraints place on her by her parents. C. would be less depressed and less likely to engage in premarital sex. D. would be more likely to live in an inner-city neighborhood.

Q: There are two components of religious development: (1) _____, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) _____, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the mean of life. A. spirituality; religiosity B. religiosity; spirituality C. religion practices; religion search D. religion behaviors; religion quest

Q: Discuss Anna Freud's view, the psychoanalytic approach, of autonomy during early adolescence. How does her perspective differ from that of contemporary writers?

Q: Your aunt and uncle are concerned about whether their teenage children, your cousins, will develop into moral adults. They ask you about adolescent moral development and, in particular, they want to know what they should expect in regard to moral behavior for their children. They are specifically concerned about whether there is a gap between moral reasoning and moral behavior. They also want to know what they can do to ensure the healthy moral development of their teens. Explain what you know about Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.

Q: You are giving a guest lecture to a bunch of college students. Define three types of autonomy and describe an example of each.

Q: In contrast to younger adolescents, older adolescents: A. are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. B. are more likely to believe in autocratic rule and take an acquiescent stance toward government. C. are equally as likely to be influenced by their living environment. D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

Q: Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature? A. increased abstraction B. increased authoritarianism C. movement away from obedience D. greater use of principles

Q: According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following trends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? A. Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities. B. Since 1990, there has been a decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in conventional civic activities (example: voting, contracting elected officials). C. Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has fluctuated. D. All of the above are true.

Q: During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on: A. their own system of personal religious beliefs. B. the teachings of their parents. C. the beliefs of their peers. D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs.

Q: Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that: A. adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment. B. children are more strict observers of religious customs. C. college students are more religiously oriented than children. D. religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

Q: Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true? A. Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression. B. Adam is likely to engage in prosocial behavior. C. Adam is likely to have authoritative parents. D. Adam is likely to abuse substances.

Q: Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning: A. correlates positively with prosocial behavior, but not with attitudes toward helping others. B. correlates positively with attitudes toward helping others, but not with actual prosocial behavior. C. correlates positively with both sympathy and empathy, but not with actual prosocial behavior. D. correlates positively with prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.

Q: Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning? A. Latonya, who scores high on both typically masculine and feminine traits B. Talya, who scores high on femininity C. Michael, who scores high on femininity D. Randy, who scores high on masculinity