Q&A Hero

Q: Endocrine gland secretion is often controlled by the nervous system.

Q: The secretion of many hormones is regulated through negative feedback inhibition.

Q: When a scientist performs measurements in an experiment and does not know if the subject is part of the experimental or the control group, it is known as a _________ measurement. A. blind B. qualitative C. null D. statistical

Q: It is NOT possible to determine whether the data collected in an experiment are different between the control and experimental groups unless the scientist employs the use of the mathematical tools of A. algebra. B. trigonometry. C. statistics. D. graphing.

Q: A hypothesis is scientific if it A. supports other hypotheses. B. can be tested. C. refutes other hypotheses. D. uses observational analyses.

Q: For a theory to be scientific and accepted, it must be based on A. reproducible data. B. blind faith. C. a single hypothesis. D. the word of a professional scientist.

Q: Aristotle is considered the father of physiology because he attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human function.

Q: Whose work brought physiology to be accepted as a true experimental science? A. Sir Henry Dale B. Walter Cannon C. William Harvey D. John Macleod

Q: The term homeostasis was coined by Walter Cannon to describe the constancy of the milieu interieur.

Q: The Nobel Prize was awarded to __________, __________, and ____________ for determining the structure of DNA. A. Watson, Krebs, Buck B. Crick, Wilkins, Watson C. Buck, Axel, Pavlov D. Krebs, Sperry, Huxley

Q: Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original deviation from normal.

Q: Phase IV clinical drug trials involve testing a drug only on the specific human population who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat.

Q: ____________ trials maximize the number of test participants and include human participants of both sexes, different ethnic groups, and those who have health problems besides the one that the drug is designed to treat. A. Phase I clinical B. Phase II clinical C. Phase III clinical D. Phase IV clinical

Q: Which of the following is NOT part of a phase I clinical trial? A. testing on the target human population B. testing how the drug is metabolized C. testing how rapidly the drug is removed from the body D. testing the most effective administration of the drug

Q: Physiology A. emphasizes cause-and-effect mechanisms. B. includes the fields of chemistry and psychology. C. ignores the scientific method. D. ultimately strives to understand the structures of individual cells.

Q: The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed A. comparative physiology. B. the scientific method. C. pathophysiology. D. anatomy.

Q: The study of disease processes aids in the understanding of normal functions.

Q: The study of comparative physiology has aided in the development of pharmaceutical drugs for humans.

Q: The scientific method is only concerned with experimentation.

Q: Scientific theories are based on a single hypothesis.

Q: The first step in the scientific method involves the formation of a(n) A. theory. B. law. C. experiment. D. hypothesis.

Q: John's sister scores extremely high in depressive symptomatology. He wants to know why, although they have lived very similar lives, she might be at an increased risk for depression during adolescence?

Q: Robert and Todd have both recently been diagnosed with a serious chronic illness that will most likely present itself in late adulthood. Discuss how Robert and Todd, similarly aged peers who are exposed to the same stressor, may respond to hearing this news very differently? What are the "best" ways to cope with this news?

Q: What would be a situation where a secondary control strategy would be least effective? A. situations that are uncontrollable B. a situation such as being diagnosed with a serious illness C. a situation such as learning your parents are getting a divorce D. realizing that you have a final exam on Friday

Q: ______ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ______ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems. A. Primary; primary B. Primary; secondary C. Secondary; secondary D. Secondary; primary

Q: Discuss several points of confusion that often surface in discussions of adolescent problem behavior and that lead to exaggerations of its prevalence and seriousness. Four points in particular are important. First, there is a distinction that must be made between occasional experimentation with substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana and more enduring patterns of dangerous or troublesome behavior. Research shows that rates of occasional, and usually harmless, experimentation far exceed rates of enduring problem behavior. Whether parents approve of it or not, experimentation with substances is becoming a normative part of adolescence. However, even though many adolescents have experimented, very few of them report using any substance on a daily basis (cigarettes are the most commonly used, with 10 percent of high school seniors smoking daily). Second, a distinction must be made between problems that have their origins and onset in adolescence and those that have their roots in earlier periods of development. The fact that a problem may be displayed during adolescence does not mean that it is a problem of adolescence. Third, it is important to remember that some, although not all, of the problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature and are resolved by the beginning of adulthood with few long-term repercussions in the majority of cases. Finally, problem behavior during adolescence is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative changes of adolescence itself. a) Distinguish between occasional experimentation and enduring delinquent behavior. b) Some problems begin before adolescence and other emerge at the onset of adolescence. c) Most problems are transitory in nature. d) Problem behavior is not associated with the normative changes of adolescence.

Q: Research has identified all but which of the following as risk factors for suicide attempts during adolescence? A. experiencing extensive family conflict B. being under stress C. having a psychiatric problem D. All of the above are risk factors for suicide and suicide ideation.

Q: To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy. A. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) B. selective dopamine blockers (SDBs) C. selective norepinephrine inhibitors (SNEIs) D. selective melatonin reuptake inhibitors (SMRIs)

Q: Many adolescents commit acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). What is this and approximately how many adolescents have engaged in this at least once? A. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 25% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. B. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting another person and nearly 25% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. C. NNSI is a behavior such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 85% of adolescents have engaged in this at least once. D. NNSI is thinking about doing something such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself and nearly 15% of adolescents have thought about this at least once.

Q: The three types of antisocial behavior discussed in the textbook are: A. overt antisocial behavior B. covert antisocial behavior C. authority conflict behavior D. implicit antisocial behavior

Q: Depression is the most common internalizing disorder of adolescence and afflicts approximately: A. 15% of individuals by the time they are 18. B. 10% of individuals by the time they enter adulthood. C. 50% of individuals by the time they are 18. D. 65% of individuals by the time they are 18.

Q: Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. Margaret's behavior would be considered an example of: A. resiliency. B. an internalizing behavior. C. an externalizing behavior. D. withdrawal strategies.

Q: Bobbie Jo's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bobby Jo has decided to find a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bobbie Jo is using ______ strategies to deal with her stress. A. primary control B. secondary control C. emotion-focused D. scapegoating

Q: According to self-report data, what explains why the male-to-female arrest ratio has decreased in recent years? A. Girls are being arrested more frequently for the same things they did in the past but were not arrested for. B. The proportion of females who engage in violent crimes has increased substantially. C. Both A and B are true. D. Neither A nor B is true. The gender gap in offending has actually increased over the past several decades.

Q: According to the age-crime curve, when does offending peak? A. in adolescence B. in childhood C. in adulthood D. there is no peak; the likelihood of offending increases across the life-span

Q: Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression? A. dejection B. apathy C. pessimism D. fatigue

Q: "Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" and "low self-esteem" would be examples of what type of depressive symptoms? A. cognitive B. emotional C. motivational D. physical

Q: Depression has which of the following types of symptoms? A. motivational B. cognitive C. physicals D. Depression can be manifested in all of these symptoms.

Q: According to recent research, what percent of adolescents have attempted suicide? A. fewer than 1% of both males and females B. approximately 10% of females and 6% of males C. approximately 5% of females and 10% of males D. approximately 20% of females and 25% of males

Q: Which of the following statements about suicide is false? A. Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adults than young people because very few suicide attempts by adolescents are successful. B. The rate of attempted suicide is higher among females than males. C. The suicide rate among 15 to 19-year-olds increased alarmingly between 1950 and 1990. D. Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adolescents than adults.

Q: One explanation for girls' greater susceptibility to internalizing problems, such as depression, emphasizes their greater orientation toward and sensitivity to interpersonal relationships. Specifically, gender differences in the level of the hormone ________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. oxytocin D. leptin

Q: Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called: A. emotion-focused diagnosis. B. the diathesis-stress model. C. epidemiology. D. antecedent diagnosis.

Q: At what point in history was violent crime among adolescents at its lowest level since 1980? A. 2009 B. 1985 C. 1993 D. violent crime among adolescents has increased steadily since 1980.

Q: Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type of pattern is this? A. transitory delinquency B. negative affectivity C. diathesis-stress model D. adolescent limited offender

Q: When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that: A. both types of offenders have similar antecedents but different outcomes. B. the causes and consequences of the two are very different. C. although males and females are equally as likely to be life-course persistent offenders, males are more likely to be adolescent-limited offenders. D. the risk factors for life-course-persistent offenders differ for males and females.

Q: One of the most consistent predictors of chronic delinquency (or being a life-course persistent offender) appears to be rooted in: A. poor relations with peers during childhood. B. being exposed to disorganized families with hostile, inept, or neglectful parenting. C. academic failure in junior high school. D. pessimistic attitudes about employment prospects.

Q: The biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity is called: A. schizophrenia. B. nervosa. C. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent, he is extremely impulsive and is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Carlos probably suffers from: A. antisocial nervosa. B. obsessive/compulsive disorder. C. attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called: A. attention deficit disorder. B. negative affectivity. C. hostile attributional bias. D. oppositional defiant disorder.

Q: While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him. Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him back. Alan is probably suffering from: A. attention deficit disorder. B. negative affectivity disorder. C. hostile attributional bias. D. status offense syndrome.

Q: Which of the following is a stable trait over childhood? A. aggressiveness B. impulsivity C. hyperactivity D. All of the above are relatively stable traits over childhood.

Q: Which of the following characteristics is not true for individuals high in callous-unemotional (CU) traits? A. Individuals high in CU traits don't experience distress as easily or as often as others. B. Individuals high in CU traits are less likely to empathize with others. C. Individuals high in CU traits show a blunted response to emotional and painful stimuli. D. Almost all adolescents who score high in CU traits are likely to be career criminals.

Q: Which type of intervention has been effective for adolescent-limited offenders? A. teaching them how to resist peer pressure and settle conflict without resorting to aggression B. training parents to monitor their children effectively C. making sure adolescents know that misbehavior has serious consequences D. a combination of all of the above

Q: Who is the most likely to be a victim of a crime such as theft, robbery, rape, and assault? A. Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs B. Rose, an adult White woman living in a large city C. Elaine, a White adolescent living in a rural area D. Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

Q: Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence? A. conduct disorder B. delinquency C. substance use D. aggression

Q: Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest all of the following, except: A. between 60 and 80% of adolescents have engaged in delinquent behavior at one time or another. B. ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records. C. nearly one-third of American 17-year-old boys have committed a violent crime in the past year. D. nearly half of all males report being responsible for an assault sometime during adolescence

Q: In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins: A. the easier it is for that person to be treated. B. the more likely the adolescent is to stop the criminal behavior on his or her own. C. the less likely he or she is to be arrested. D. the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

Q: Vince engaged in delinquency as a pre-adolescent and has continued to be in trouble with the law ever since. Now, as a young adult, Vince would most likely be characterized as a _____ offender. A. life-course-persistent B. comorbid C. externalizing D. adolescent limited

Q: According to the textbook, which of the following is the main reason experts advise against applying the term psychopath to people under 18? A. Most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do not continue to do so after their mid-20s. B. Those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences. C. It is very rare for youths to exhibit any psychopathic traits. D. None of the aboveexperts encourage the use of psychopaths as another dimension of antisociality.

Q: Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n): A. ADHD child. B. habitual criminal. C. sociopath. D. status offender.

Q: Which of the following would be considered a status offense? A. using marijuana B. being truant from school C. vandalizing property D. All of the above.

Q: According to FBI statistics, individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately _____ of violent crime in the United States. A. one-quarter B. one-sixth C. one-half D. two-thirds

Q: A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows all of the following, except: A. today, the male-to-female ratio in juvenile arrests for violent crime is about 4 to 1. B. in general, violent crime among young people has slightly increased since 1993. C. in general, violent crime among young people has declined since 1993. D. as of 2009, violent crime among adolescents was at its lowest level since 1980.

Q: Kristin has just been the victim of a mugging. Her parents are concerned about how she will react to the crime. What problem(s) is(are) Kristin likely to report? A. sleep deprivation B. depressed mood C. academic problems D. All of the above.

Q: Which adolescent does not have a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol problems? A. Aaron, who is a slow learner B. Thomas, who angers quickly C. Dennis, who is impulsive D. Steve, who is inattentive

Q: Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false? A. Distant, hostile, and conflicted family relations are risk factors for developing substance abuse problems. B. An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems. C. An uninvolved, neglecting-rejecting parenting style is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems. D. There are both genetic and family-environmental influences on development of adolescent substance abuse problems.

Q: Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems? A. having excessively permissive parents B. having easy access to drugs C. having friends who use and tolerate the use of drugs D. being involved in a sexual relationship

Q: Glen and Laura ask a counselor what they can do to help protect their teenage son, Jason, from abusing drugs. What might the counselor suggest? A. Enroll Jason in a private school. B. Get Jason involved in a religious group. C. Punish any deviance very heavily. D. Make sure Jason gets an after-school job.

Q: Which of the following is a likely reason that Black youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their White counterparts? A. They don't have money to purchase alcohol. B. They are biologically unable to process alcohol. C. Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking. D. Their celebrity role models do not drink.

Q: Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to reduce drug and alcohol use? A. drug and alcohol education B. raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes C. scare tactics D. laws restricting the sale of these items to minors

Q: Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that: A. these programs are largely ineffective. B. these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than their drug use. C. scare tactics are more effective in changing behavior than rational information. D. random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs.

Q: Young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely to experience all of the following, except: A. increased popularity. B. suffer from psychological distress and depression. C. become involved in dangerous or deviant activities such as crime and truancy. D. engage in unprotected sexual activities.

Q: Which prevention program is most likely to be successful? A. one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at adolescents B. one that focuses on social competence training C. one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at peers, parents, and teachers D. one that focuses on all of these components

Q: Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest: A. placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse. B. drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent. C. the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends. D. most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they only accept adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs.

Q: What is a reason offered by the textbook to explain why many youth do not receive substance abuse treatment? A. These programs are rarely offered during times that do not interfere with a typical public school schedule. B. There are many stigmas attached to seeking drug or alcohol treatment. C. Many families, especially minority families, cannot afford (or don't have adequate health insurance) to send their adolescent to treatment. D. It is difficult to actually meet the clinical cut-off for "substance abuse"; therefore, it is hard to be accepted into one of these programs.

Q: Studies that have focused on the different developmental trajectories of adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and drug use have identified all except which of the following groups? A. low escalators B. late starters C. nonusers D. slow escalators

Q: Alejandra, a Hispanic adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Hispanic adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use? A. Alejandra will use fewer drugs than Mina. B. Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs. C. Alejandra and Mina will use more drugs than their friend Sue, an American Indian adolescent. D. Mina will use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

Q: Which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs? A. Mike, a White adolescent B. Li, an exchange student from China C. Emily, an Asian-American adolescent D. Hector, a Black adolescent

Q: Studies comparing the consequences of drug exposure during adolescence and adulthood have found all of the following except: A. the increased vulnerability of the adolescent brain to the addicting effects of alcohol is compounded by the fact that adolescents don't feel the negative consequences of drinking as profoundly as adults do. B. studies comparing juvenile rodents with adult rodents find that juveniles can drink more than adults before they become tired or have their reflexes slow. C. the consequences of drinking too much (otherwise known as a hangover) are less intense among juveniles than adults. D. juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do.

Q: Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs. A. gateway B. passage C. ritual D. experimental