Q&A Hero

Q: Lactic acid is the result of LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase) mediated __________ of pyruvic acid with electrons taken from NADH + H+. A. oxidation B. reduction C. phosphorylation D. hydrolysis

Q: Glycolysis is an endergonic reaction.

Q: Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______________ molecules. A. glycogen B. lactic acid C. acetyl CoA D. pyruvic acid

Q: To go through glycolysis, _________ ATP per glucose molecule must be "invested" in order to activate the glucose molecule. A. one B. two C. three D. four

Q: How many hydrogens are released in glycolysis? A. one B. two C. three D. four

Q: Each pair of hydrogens generated in glycolysis are used to A. reduce 2 molecules of NAD. B. oxidize 2 molecules of NAD. C. reduce 2 molecules of FAD. D. oxidize 2 molecules of FAD.

Q: Glucose 6-phosphate can diffuse out of a cell.

Q: Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP formed by direct _____________ of ADP molecules using phosphates taken from glycolytic intermediates. A. phosphorylation B. hydrolysis C. reduction D. oxidation

Q: A net total of ______________ molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Q: Lactic acid fermentation is also known as aerobic respiration.

Q: ________ muscle is better adapted to anaerobic conditions than cardiac muscle. A. Smooth Skeletal

Q: Which of the following is NOT a primary catabolic source of energy to produce ATP? A. fatty acids B. cholesterol C. amino acids D. glucose

Q: The final electron acceptor in aerobic cell respiration is A. water. B. oxygen. C. carbon dioxide. D. ATP.

Q: Anabolic reactions do NOT A. utilize energy. B. synthesize molecules within cells. C. store energy. D. release energy.

Q: In glycolysis, glucose is converted to glycogen.

Q: Phosphorylation of glucose "traps" the glucose within a cell.

Q: Catabolic reactions use energy to synthesize large molecules.

Q: Metabolism is a term that refers to all of the reactions in the body that involve energy transformations.

Q: ______________ reactions require energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules. A. Combustion B. Catabolic C. Anabolic D. Decomposition

Q: Prior to entering the citric acid cycle, amino acids must be reductively deaminated.

Q: Through deamination and sometimes transamination reactions, amino acids may enter the aerobic respiration metabolic pathway at the level of A. pyruvic acid. B. acetyl CoA. C. citric acid cycle. D. All of these choices are correct.

Q: Ammonia is produced by A. transamination. B. oxidative deamination. C. glycogenolysis. D. the Cori cycle.

Q: What vitamin is a required coenzyme for transamination? A. B3 B. B6 C. B9 D. B12

Q: Most of the glucose secreted by the liver during fasting is due to A. glycogenolysis. B. gluconeogenesis. C. lipolysis. D. deamination.

Q: Oxidative deamination is required for A. carbohydrate synthesis. B. carbohydrate breakdown. C. protein synthesis. D. protein breakdown.

Q: Fatty acids are NOT an energy source for A. the brain. B. resting skeletal muscle. C. the liver. D. the heart.

Q: What type of tissue is especially dependent on adequate plasma glucose levels? A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. nervous D. liver

Q: Accumulation of lactic acid contributes to A. decreased brain function. B. oxygen debt. C. glycogen synthesis. D. decreased liver gluconeogenesis.

Q: Which amino acid serves as a channel through which other amino acids can form keto-acids? A. glutamic acid B. glycine C. aspartic acid D. alanine

Q: Which of the following is NOT a main substrate for gluconeogenesis? A. lactic acid B. glycerol C. pyruvic acid D. alanine

Q: Keto-acids are produced from amino acids through A. transamination. B. oxidative deamination. C. beta-oxidation. D. phosphorylation.

Q: Nonessential amino acids include A. arginine. B. lysine. C. methionine. D. tryptophan.

Q: The primary site of ketone body synthesis is A. the lung. B. the kidney. C. the liver. D. adipose tissue.

Q: Acetyl CoA A. can enter the citric acid cycle. B. can reversibly form ketone bodies. C. can directly form pyruvic acid. D. Both can enter the citric acid cycle and can reversibly form ketone bodies.

Q: Ketone bodies are produced by A. excessive protein breakdown. B. excessive carbohydrate breakdown. C. excessive fat breakdown. D. All apply.

Q: Individuals in a positive nitrogen balance are metabolizing body tissues for energy.

Q: Proline is an essential amino acid only in children.

Q: The process in which an amine group is transferred from one amino acid to another is called A. deamination. B. beta-oxidation. C. phosphorylation. D. transamination.

Q: How many amino acids are essential for an adult? A. eight B. nine C. ten D. twelve

Q: The hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol is called A. lipogenesis. B. lipolysis. C. beta-oxidation. D. deamination.

Q: Beta-oxidation produces acetyl CoA molecules from fatty acids.

Q: Beta-oxidation of an 18 carbon fatty acid will yield _____ acetyl CoA molecules. A. 9 B. 6 C. 18 D. None apply.

Q: How many ATP would be formed from an 18 carbon fatty acid? A. 32 B. 60 C. 90 D. 122

Q: Fatty acid metabolism A. occurs via glycolysis. B. occurs via oxidative deamination. C. occurs via the Cori cycle. D. occurs via beta-oxidation.

Q: In newborns, _________ occurs in brown fat. A. lipogenesis B. thermogenesis C. gluconeogenesis D. biogenesis

Q: What is the function of UCPI? A. Allows more white fat to accumulate in adipose tissue. B. Reduces the amount of hydrogens available to make ATP. C. Provides more body heat from oxidation of fatty acids. D. Both reduces the amount of hydrogens available to make ATP and provides more body heat from oxidation of fatty acids.

Q: What is the purpose of white fat? A. thermogenesis B. provide blood-borne energy carriers C. provide an ATP source for newborns D. All apply.

Q: Sweet smelling breath may be the result of elevated ______________ in the blood. A. glucose B. fructose C. acetone D. cholesterol

Q: The process of fat formation from acetyl CoA is called A. lipogenesis. B. lipolysis. C. beta-oxidation. D. deamination.

Q: ______________ is the opposite of glycogenesis. A. Glycolysis B. Glyconeogenesis C. Glycogenolysis D. Gluconeogenesis

Q: Blood glucose concentrations can be maintained by hydrolysis of glycogen in the A. liver. B. skeletal muscle. C. smooth muscle. D. kidneys.

Q: Glucose formed from amino acids comes from the process of glycogenolysis.

Q: The Cori cycle involves formation of glucose made by gluconeogenesis in the liver from lactic acid produced by fermentation in skeletal muscles.

Q: The Cori cycle converts ______________ to pyruvic acid. A. glucose B. acetyl CoA C. lactic acid D. alcohol

Q: Glycolysis would be inhibited by A. a lack of oxygen. B. an excess of ATP. C. an excess of ADP. D. None apply.

Q: Which of the following can undergo metabolic conversion to acetyl CoA and enter the citric acid cycle? A. glucose B. fatty acids C. protein D. All apply.

Q: The majority of energy within the body is stored as triglycerides.

Q: The amount of energy contained in fat is A. 4 kilocalories per gram. B. 5 kilocalories per gram. C. 9 kilocalories per gram. D. 15 kilocalories per gram.

Q: The electron transport system is a series of _________ reactions. A. composition-decomposition B. dehydration synthesis-hydrolysis C. oxidation-reduction D. reversible

Q: The actual yield of ATP from 1 glucose is A. 18-20 ATP. B. 36-38 ATP. C. 30-32 ATP. D. 26-28 ATP.

Q: ATP formation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is called A. substrate level phosphorylation. B. oxidative phosphorylation. C. direct phosphorylation. D. Both substrate level phosphorylation and direct phosphorylation are correct.

Q: ATP formation in the electron transport system is called A. substrate level phosphorylation. B. oxidative phosphorylation. C. direct phosphorylation. D. Both substrate level phosphorylation and direct phosphorylation are correct.

Q: Skeletal muscle contains glucose 6-phosphatase to produce free glucose from glucose 6-phosphate.

Q: The presence of elevated ATP in the cell stimulates synthesis of A. proteins and glycogen. B. triglycerides and proteins. C. triglycerides and glycogen. D. proteins and cholesterol.

Q: What structures allow H+ to diffuse back across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the matrix? A. cytochromes B. coenzyme Q C. respiratory assemblies D. NADH

Q: Which of the following is NOT a proton pump of the electron transport system? A. NADH-coenzyme Q reductase complex B. FADH-cytochrome c reductase complex C. cytochrome c reductase complex D. cytochrome c oxidase complex

Q: How many H+ do the first two proton pumps of the electron transport system transport? A. 2 each B. 3 each C. 4 each D. 8 each

Q: On average, each FADH2 generates 1.5 ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

Q: Theoretically, complete catabolism of glucose generates a maximum of 32 ATP.

Q: It takes four protons to produce 1 ATP that will enter the cytoplasm of a cell.

Q: The electron transport chain system is responsible for the production of the majority of cellular ATP.

Q: Energy lost during the process of aerobic cell respiration is given off as A. carbon dioxide. B. water. C. oxygen. D. metabolic heat.

Q: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain system is ____________. A. NAD B. hydrogen C. oxygen D. ATP

Q: Which of the following is a superoxide radical? A. an oxygen molecule with an extra, unpaired electron B. an oxygen molecule with two paired electrons C. hydrogen peroxide D. All apply

Q: Oxygen is reduced by the action of the electron transport chain.

Q: The electron transport chain system functions to create a proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Q: Cyanide is lethal because it blocks the oxidation of oxygen in the electron transport chain system.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a molecule of the electron transport system? A. coenzyme Q B. coenzyme A C. flavin mononucleotide (FMN) D. cytochrome b

Q: The transport of protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix occurs via A. ATP synthase. B. transaminase. C. lactate dehydrogenase. D. FADH-coenzyme Q reductase complex.

Q: What theory explains the ability of the electron transport system to pump protons between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes? A. tricarboxylic acid theory B. chemiosmotic theory C. phosphorylation theory D. proton pump theory