Q&A Hero

Q: The cerebellum is the largest brain structure.

Q: Fetal neuron growth requires the actions of a group of chemicals known as A. endorphins. B. synapsins. C. neurotrophins. D. glutamates.

Q: Degeneration of spinal motor neurons in adults may be due to a lack of ____________ factor. A. brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) B. neurotrophin-3 C. nerve growth (NGF) D. glial-derived neurotrophic (GDNF)

Q: Gliotransmitters A. include calcium ions. B. can stimulate neurons. C. form the blood-brain barrier. D. break down ATP.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins? A. maintaining sympathetic ganglion B. sustaining neurons that use the NT dopamine C. embryonic development of neurons D. regeneration of injured motor neurons

Q: The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. B. neurons. C. Schwann cells. D. microglia

Q: Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? A. can take up NT from a synapse B. can stimulate or inhibit neurons C. needed to form synapses in the CNS D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS E. form the blood-brain barrier

Q: Astrocytes can be excited by changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration.

Q: Which cells are needed for the formation of synapses in the CNS? A. ependymal B. microglia C. astrocytes D. dendrites

Q: The blood-brain barrier prevents hydrophobic molecules from diffusing into the brain.

Q: The blood-brain barrier results mostly from the action of __________, a type of glial cell. A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. astrocytes D. oligodendrocytes

Q: The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma. B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

Q: White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.

Q: All axons in the PNS are surrounded by Schwann cells.

Q: Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the A. myelin sheath. B. neurons. C. astrocytes. D. satellite cells.

Q: The disease ______________ is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A. Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple sclerosis. D. myasthenia gravis

Q: Axonal regeneration is inhibited by A. brain-derived neurotrophic factor. B. nerve growth factor. C. neurotrophin-3. D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

Q: Destruction of astrocytes would decrease the rate at which action potentials are transmitted.

Q: Myelinated axons transmit action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated axons.

Q: Action potential transmission in the PNS is decreased if which cells are damaged? A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Schwann cells

Q: What type of neuron is found entirely in the CNS? A. sensory neuron B. interneuron C. association neuron D. Interneuron and association neuron are correct.

Q: A bundle of axons in the CNS is called a/an A. nerve. B. bundle. C. tract. D. neuron.

Q: Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes have similar functions.

Q: Which type of cell of the CNS is phagocytotic? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

Q: The myelin sheaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

Q: Which type of cell lines the ventricles of the brain and help produce cerebrospinal fluid? A. microglia B. satellite cells C. ependymal cells D. oligodendrocytes

Q: The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

Q: Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed A. astrocytes. B. ependymal cells. C. satellite cells. D. Schwann cells.

Q: What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons? A. nodes of Ranvier B. myelin sheath C. neurilemma D. plasma membrane

Q: All axons in the PNS have a myelin sheath.

Q: Somatic motor neurons innervate involuntary effectors.

Q: A nerve is a bundle of axons in the CNS.

Q: Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative nervous system

Q: Axonal transport from the cell body to the dendrites and axon is retrograde transport.

Q: Retrograde axonal transport may be responsible for movement of herpes virus, rabies virus, and tetanus toxin from nerve terminals to the cell body.

Q: Sensory nerves cause muscle contraction.

Q: Most motor neurons are multipolar.

Q: Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron C. multipolar neuron D. pseudounipolar neuron

Q: Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory or afferent

Q: Both neurons and neuroglia will easily divide by mitosis.

Q: Most brain tumors in adults are found within neurons.

Q: The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

Q: Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of axonal transport? A. uses molecular motors B. can transport anterograde or retrograde C. has one fast and two slow components D. is a passive process

Q: Anterograde transport uses dynein molecular motor proteins.

Q: Retrograde transport A. moves toward the cell body. B. moves membranes, vesicles, and viruses. C. uses molecular motor proteins of dynein. D. All apply.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of dendrites? A. transmits action potentials toward the cell body B. are thin extensions of the cell body C. transmit graded electrochemical impulses toward the cell body D. contain receptive areas

Q: Which of the following is true of axons? A. contain receptive areas B. very thin and short C. originates at the axon hillock on the cell body D. transmits graded electrochemical impulses

Q: Enhancing the excitability of a synapse so that transmission is favored along certain pathways is called A. long-term potentiation. B. synaptic plasticity. C. excitotoxicity. D. summation.

Q: What process occurs when glutamate-releasing presynaptic neurons stimulate postsynaptic release of endocannabinoids that acts as retrograde neurotransmitters? A. long-term potentiation B. long-term depression C. depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition D. All apply.

Q: Synaptic plasticity involves structural changes in neurons such as A. formation of axillary branches B. formation of dendritic spines C. formation of more axon terminals D. mitosis of neurons

Q: What causes presynaptic inhibition? A. inactivation of Ca2+ channels B. a second neuron causes a reduction in neurotransmitter release from another neuron C. axoaxonic synapses D. All apply.

Q: Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by neurotransmitters that produce hyperpolarization.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of long-term potentiation (LTP)? A. Associated with the removal of AMPA glutamate receptors B. Repeated stimulation enhance excitability C. Associated with insertion of AMPA glutamate receptors D. It is a form of synaptic plasticity

Q: What type of neural pathway involves one neuron forming synapses with several postsynaptic neurons? A. convergent B. oscillating C. divergent D. plastic

Q: The nerve is the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Q: Glial cells normally lose their mitotic ability prior to birth.

Q: Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires release of ___ from the postsynaptic neuron membrane. A. Cl- B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. Mg2+

Q: Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by A. acetylcholine B. GABA C. glycine D. GABA and glycine

Q: The varied strength of synaptic transmission is called A. spatial summation. B. temporal summation. C. synaptic plasticity. D. EPSP.

Q: Spatial summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Q: Temporal summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell. C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Q: Both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials undergo summation.

Q: Excitotoxicity is caused by A. insufficient synaptic release of glutamate. B. excessive synaptic release of glutamate. C. GABA inhibition. D. insufficient synaptic release of ACh.

Q: Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive ________ activity. A. nitric oxide B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. glutamate

Q: Nitric oxide A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. C. is produced from L-asparagine. D. All apply.

Q: Which gas(es) can function as a neurotransmitter? A. carbon dioxide B. nitric oxide C. carbon monoxide D. nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

Q: What medication acts by increasing the action of nitric oxide as a treatment for erectile dysfunction? A. Viagra B. marijuana C. Prozac D. naloxone

Q: ATP and adenosine can act as neurtransmitters A. by being released from astrocytes. B. as cotransmitters. C. as paracrine regulators. D. All apply.

Q: What type of receptors will bind ATP and adenosine? A. cotransmitter receptors B. pyrimenergic receptors. C. purinergic receptors. D. None apply.

Q: ATP and adenosine can be released by nonneural cells to aid in blood clotting, taste, and pain.

Q: The normal effect of b-endorphin can be blocked by A. curare. B. naloxone. C. muscarine. D. nicotine

Q: Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins C. dynorphins D. All apply.

Q: Endogenous opioids transmit impulses of pain.

Q: Animals that cannot synthesize neuropeptide Y would be prone to seizures.

Q: The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is A. neuropeptide Y. B. neuropeptide Z. C. substance P. D. CCK.

Q: Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would A. induce euphoria. B. induce obesity. C. stimulate leptin secretion. D. inhibit eating.

Q: The brain produces lipid neurotransmitters called A. endocannabinoids. B. endorphins. C. enkephalins. D. nitric oxide.

Q: Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they are A. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptic neurons and diffuse to the presynaptic neuron. C. released from presynaptic neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body. D. None apply.