Q&A Hero

Q: The are no sensory neurons associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Q: Important visceral sensory information like blood pressure, plasma pH, and oxygen concentration are carried to the brain through cranial nerves XI and XII.

Q: Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate A. smooth muscle. B. skeletal muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. glands.

Q: The liver, heart, and kidneys have a circadian rhythm.

Q: Destruction of the superior colliculi would impact an individual's hearing.

Q: Ablation of the red nucleus prevents communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum and thereby enhances normal motor function.

Q: Ablation of the ___________ in the midbrain would impair the ability to respond to sounds. A. superior colliculi B. medial colliculi C. red nucleus D. inferior colliculi

Q: Visual reflexes would be impaired by damage to the A. superior colliculi. B. inferior colliculi. C. red nucleus. D. medial geniculate nuclei.

Q: Which drug acts to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and amphetamines into the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain? A. alcohol B. amphetamines C. cocaine D. opiates

Q: What part of the mesolimbic system found in the midbrain is involved with behavioral reward? A. corpora quadrigemina B. ventral tegmental area C. substantia nigra D. nigrostriatal system

Q: The pons and cerebellum comprise the metencephalon.

Q: The pons gives rise to cranial nerves VIII through XII.

Q: The suprachiasmatic nuclei A. are located in the anterior hypothalamus. B. controls melatonin secretion from the pineal gland. C. contains "clock cells" that have patterns which repeat about every twenty-four hours. D. All apply.

Q: What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to increase LPT by increasing the release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals? A. Mg2+ B. Ca2+ C. NO D. ACh

Q: What substance can act as a retrograde messenger to suppress release of GABA to contribute to LTP? A. acetylcholine B. endocannabinoid C. carbon monoxide D. norepinephrine

Q: Damaging the diencephalon would inhibit detection of sensory stimuli.

Q: The majority of sensory information is relayed to the cerebrum by the A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. medulla oblongata.

Q: The ___________________ is the dorsal diencephalon, containing the choroid plexus and the pineal gland. A. epithalamus B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. third ventricle

Q: Except for the sense of __________, all sensory information is relayed through the thalamus. A. taste B. vision C. balance D. smell

Q: Interpretation of auditory inputs would be most affected by A. ablation of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. B. ablation of the hypothalamus. C. ablation to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus. D. ablation of the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus.

Q: A hypothalamic tumor inducing hyperactivity of the medial hypothalamus may result in weight loss.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? A. controls hunger and thirst B. controls reactions to odors C. controls body temperature D. controls the autonomic nervous system

Q: Based on experimental evidence, the ___________ hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat. A. preoptic-anterior B. lateral C. medial D. supraoptic

Q: The neurohypophysis is derived embryonically from the diencephalon.

Q: Releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary are produced in the A. hypothalamus. B. pituitary gland. C. pineal gland. D. cerebral nuclei.

Q: The ______ is involved in the improvement of memory when the memory has an emotional content. A. caudate nucleus B. substantia nigra C. amygdala D. lentiform nucleus

Q: Damage to the _____ prefrontal area will cause a lack of motivation and sexual desire and deficient cognitive functions. A. lateral B. orbitofacial C. posterior D. palatine

Q: The limbic system, especially the ____________ and _______________, are rich in "stress hormone" receptors. A. caudate nucleus, hippocampus B. hippocampus, amygdala C. cingulated gyrus, amygdala D. septal nuclei, hippocampus

Q: Damage to the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal cortex causes A. memory deficiencies. B. cognitive deficiencies. C. severe impulsive/sociopathic behavior. D. inhibited fear response.

Q: LTP (long-term potentiation) studies have shown that protein synthesis must occur to form dendritic spines to make more permanent changes in synapses to create long-term memory.

Q: What ion is involved in stimulating genetic transcription needed for learning and memory? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. NO

Q: In long-term potentiation dealing with memory, what regulatory protein do calcium ions bind to? A. kinase B. calmodulin C. CREB D. CaMKII

Q: What is the function of CREB in long-term memory? A. opens Ca2+ channels B. addition of AMPA receptors C. draws more glutamate into the neuron D. activates genes to make proteins such as dendritic spines

Q: Neurogenesis in the hippocampus may be involved in learning and memory.

Q: The ___________ lobe is involved in converting short-term memory to long-term memory. A. inferior temporal B. inferior lateral C. prefrontal D. medial temporal

Q: The famous patient "H.M." could not remember events that occurred after his memory was damaged after he had brain surgery to treat his epilepsy. He retained his perceptual and motor skills, but lost his memory of new facts and events. Thus, H.M.'s deficit was in A. nondeclarative or implicit memory B. declarative or implicit memory C. declarative or explicit memory D. nondeclarative or explicit memory

Q: The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory would be inhibited by A. ablation of the pons. B. ablation of the cerebral nuclei. C. ablation of the hippocampus. D. ablation of the occipital lobe.

Q: The conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory is called A. memory ablation. B. memory consolidation. C. memory recognition. D. memory translation.

Q: MRI images of living amnesiac patients show a shrunken A. hypothalamus. B. epithalamus. C. hippocampus. D. pineal gland.

Q: Knowing how to tie your shoes is an example of _____ memory. A. episodic B. semantic C. procedural D. working

Q: Which area of the brain has shown to be involved in complex problem-solving? A. hippocampus B. prefrontal cortex C. amygdala D. medial temporal lobe

Q: What type of memory is involved in learning all this material about memory? A. semantic B. implicit C. episodic D. procedural

Q: Being able to recognize the face of a schoolmate at your 30 year reunion, would be a function of the A. inferior temporal lobes. B. occipital lobe. C. medial temporal lobes. D. anterior frontal lobes.

Q: An example of working memory would be A. recognizing a threatening picture. B. remembering the last hockey game you attended. C. looking up an address and addressing an envelop. D. playing a song on the piano you learned as a child.

Q: A circular path of neurons synapsing with one after another is called a ____ circuit. A. recurrent B. dendritic C. synaptic D. parallel

Q: Long-term memory is most often associated with the hypothalamus.

Q: Damage to the Papez circuit prevents communication between A. the limbic system and olfactory bulbs. B. the limbic system and hippocampus. C. the limbic system and the diencephalon. D. the limbic system and the cerebrum.

Q: Ablation of the amygdala and limbic system would primarily result in A. loss of voluntary muscle contraction. B. attenuation of aggressive behaviors. C. loss of ability to detect olfactory inputs. D. no noticeable effects.

Q: The hypothalamus and the limbic system are involved in A. aggression. B. fear. C. sex. D. goal-directed behavior. E. All apply.

Q: Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system? A. cingulate gyrus B. angular gyrus C. amygdala D. hippocampus

Q: The limbic system is considered the emotional brain.

Q: _________________ is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a particular damaging amyloid b-peptide that is implicated in inherited forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. A. g-secretase B. a-secretase C. b-secretase D. d-secretase

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease? A. an accumulation of intracellular proteins that form neurofibrillar tangles B. loss of neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex C. an accumulation of extracellular proteins that form senile plaques D. most cases are inherited

Q: Having the APOE4 gene increases the likelihood of developing A. Huntingdon's disease. B. Alzheimer's disease. C. Parkinson's disease. D. amnesia.

Q: There are many synaptic connections between limbic system structures and the cerebral cortex.

Q: Destruction of Wernicke's area destroys language comprehension.

Q: Aphasias are most often associated with damage to ___________ and ___________ areas. A. Wernicke's and the angular gyrus B. fornix and Broca's C. Broca's and Wernicke's D. the angular gyrus and septal nuclei

Q: Individuals with aphasia A. often have damage to spinal nerves. B. may not be able to write if the angular gyrus is damaged. C. often speak slowly if Wernicke's area is damaged. D. often form nonsensical sentences if Broca's area is damaged.

Q: A "word salad" speech pattern occurs when A. Wernicke's area is damaged. B. Broca's area is damaged. C. the angular gyrus is damaged. D. spinal nerves are damaged.

Q: What structure connects Wernicke's area to Broca's area? A. corpus striatum B. angular gyrus C. arcuate fasciculus D. corpus callosum

Q: Ablation of the limbic system may result in an absence of fear.

Q: The basal nuclei contain A. the corpus striatum. B. the supraoptic nucleus. C. reticular formation. D. All apply.

Q: Impaired motor coordination in Parkinson's disease is often due to A. degeneration of the red nucleus. B. degeneration of the substantia nigra. C. lack of regulation of the cerebral peduncles. D. degeneration of the mesolimbic system.

Q: Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT associated with basal nuclei function? A. dopamine B. GABA C. acetylcholine D. glutamate

Q: Writing skills would be impaired if the ___________ cerebral hemisphere atrophied. A. right B. left C. both

Q: Recognition of your best friend's face is a function of the _______ cerebral hemisphere. right B. left C. both

Q: What is the purpose of the motor circuit? A. allows intended movements to occur and inhibits unwanted movements B. permits REM sleep C. activates the RAS D. inhibits language comprehension

Q: A person with damage to the left cerebral hemisphere could have several speech problems, but yet have no problems with singing.

Q: Damage to the right motor cortex will generally mean motor problems on the right side of the body.

Q: Which type of EEG pattern in an awake adult is indicative of brain damage? A. alpha waves B. beta waves C. theta waves D. delta waves

Q: An electroencephalogram obtained from an adult who is thinking would probably display A. many alpha waves. B. many beta waves. C. many delta waves. D. many theta waves.

Q: Which of the following is used to map neuronal activity with scalp electrodes? A. MEG B. PET C. EEG D. MRI

Q: During ______________ sleep, dreams that can be recalled are most likely to occur. A. REM B. deep C. nonREM D. dozing

Q: Which type of sleep pattern may aid the consolidation of spatial and declarative memories? A. REM nonREM

Q: Heart and respiratory rates increase during REM sleep as if the person were awake.

Q: Impaired voluntary movements would suggest damage to the basal nuclei.

Q: Chorea is most likely to result from A. damage to the caudate nucleus. B. damage to the spinal ganglia. C. damage to the occipital lobe. D. damage to the hypothalamus.

Q: A record of the electrical currents of the cerebral cortex is a/an A. computed tomograph. B. electroencephalogram. C. magnetic resonance image. D. positron-emission tomograph.

Q: Delta waves in an awake infant indicate brain damage.

Q: Damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would limit A. voluntary skeletal muscle contraction. B. integration of cerebral activities. C. hearing. D. vision.