Q&A Hero

Q: Nicotinic agonists would bind cholinergic receptors on preganglionic autonomic neurons.

Q: _____________ is a muscarinic antagonist derived from the nightshade plant. A. Clonidine B. Nicotine C. Atropine D. Bradykinin

Q: Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be _____________ in response to muscarinic antagonists. A. increased decreased C. not changed

Q: M2 receptors in the heart A. decrease heart rate. B. increase heart rate. C. cause increased cytosolic Ca2+ in heart cells. D. cause increased spontaneous depolarization in the heart.

Q: Goose bumps would occur in response to A. an adrenergic antagonist. B. an adrenergic agonist. C. a cholinergic antagonist. D. a cholinergic agonist.

Q: The collateral ganglia contain A. a-adrenergic receptors. B. b-adrenergic receptors. C. muscarinic receptors. D. nicotinic receptors.

Q: Alpha2-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause A. increased release of norepinephrine. B. decreased release of epinephrine. C. increased release of epinephrine. D. decreased release of norepinephrine.

Q: The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called A. synaptic bulbs. B. axon terminals. C. varicosities. D. neuromuscular junctions.

Q: Fibers that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.

Q: Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers.

Q: The _____________ has both a1 and b1 receptors and responds to sympathoadrenal stimulation with glycogenolysis and secretion of glucose. A. liver B. pancreas C. adrenal cortex D. None apply.

Q: ___________ selectively stimulates a2 receptors in brain neurons thereby suppressing sympathoadrenal activation and lowering blood pressure. A. Clonidine B. Atropine C. Acetylcholine D. Bradykinin

Q: Intracellular Ca2+ is elevated if norepinephrine binds to a(n) _____________ receptor. A. alpha-1 adrenergic B. alpha-2 adrenergic C. beta-1 adrenergic D. beta-2 adrenergic

Q: Blocking b2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway A. constriction. dilation.

Q: The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine on the heart would be A. increased intracellular Ca2+. B. decreased Ca2+. C. increased cyclic AMP. D. decreased intracellular cyclic AMP.

Q: Epinephrine is a A. sympathetic neurotransmitter. B. parasympathetic neurotransmitter. C. sympathomimetic hormone. D. All apply.

Q: Phenylephrine functions as a _______ because it promotes vasodilation in nasal mucosa. A. a1 agonist. B. a1 antagonist. C. b1 agonist. D. b1 antagonist.

Q: Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are all molecules of the catecholamine family.

Q: _____________ is released by most postganglionic sympathetic nerves. A. Acetylcholine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine

Q: Postganglionic ____________ nerves release acetylcholine. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

Q: Which of the following is a catecholamine? A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. nitric oxide D. All apply.

Q: The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is A. acetylcholine. B. dopamine. C. epinephrine. D. norepinephrine.

Q: "Synapses en passant" refers to the fact that postganglionic autonomic neurons release neurotransmitter A. from the axon terminal. B. only when receptors pass over the axon. C. along the length of the axon. D. from the soma.

Q: The division of the autonomic nervous system originating only from spinal nerves A. is involved in mediating every day responses. B. has adrenergic receptors on the postganglionic cell body. C. releases acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron. D. mediates the body's response to stress.

Q: Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation? A. the adrenal medulla B. arrector pili muscles in the skin C. most blood vessels D. All apply.

Q: Cocaine acts as a sympathomimetic drug because it blocks the reuptake of A. glucose. B. insulin. C. acetylcholine. D. norepinephrine.

Q: Pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.

Q: Compared to norepinephrine, epinephrine has one less methyl group.

Q: Salivary secretions are decreased and become thicker in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Q: Stimulation of the iris by parasympathetic nerves stimulates pupillary constriction.

Q: Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells, which is why these neurons often have antagonistic effects.

Q: Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation? sympathetic B. parasympathetic

Q: Which autonomic division is dominant in normal body functions such as digestion? A. sympathetic parasympathetic

Q: Parasympathetic stimulation increases the rate of passage of material in the small intestine.

Q: Bright light would stimulate regulation of pupil diameter through _____________ nerves. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

Q: Cocaine is a(an) ___________________ drug, meaning that it promotes sympathetic nerve effects. A. cholinergic B. adrenergic C. sympathomimetic D. parasympathomimetic

Q: The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter. B. has a relatively short preganglionic neuron. C. utilizes acetylcholine as a preganglionic neurotransmitter. D. includes the adrenal medulla.

Q: Damage to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord would cause heart rate to be chronically increased compared to normal.

Q: Heart rate is increased in response to sympathetic stimulation.

Q: From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate? A. brainstem B. thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord C. sacral region of the spinal cord D. brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

Q: Cutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and errector pili muscles are innervated by A. only parasympathetic nerves. B. only sympathetic nerves. C. both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. D. both parasympathetic and somatic nerves.

Q: Damage to the _____________ nerve would inhibit salivary production. A. abducens B. vagus C. hypoglossal D. facial

Q: Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

Q: The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system A. has long postganglionic neurons. B. has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. C. has relatively short preganglionic neurons. D. has terminal ganglia embedded in the visceral effectors.

Q: Damage to the terminal ganglia would have the greatest effect on A. somatic motor nerves. B. sympathetic motor nerves. C. parasympathetic motor nerves. D. somatic reflex function.

Q: The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except A. the heart. B. the stomach. C. the liver. D. the iris.

Q: The parasympathetic response to stimulation results in mass activation.

Q: Damage to the paravertebral ganglia would limit the body's ability to respond to stress.

Q: Sympathetic stimulation of an organ ALWAYS opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

Q: Neural crest cells form A. the adrenal medulla. B. postganglionic symapthetic nerves. C. the hypothalamus. D. both the adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic nerves.

Q: The adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine when stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Q: Four of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic nerves.

Q: The vagus nerve gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic fibers involved in regulating most thoracic and abdominal organs.

Q: Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are relatively long.

Q: _____________ ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. A. Paravertebral B. Terminal C. Collateral D. Basal

Q: Mass activation is a property of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Q: Ablation of the celiac ganglia would inhibit sympathetic regulation of the adrenal glands.

Q: The sympathetic chain ganglia are found laterally on both sides of the spinal cord.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a collateral ganglion? A. superior mesenteric B. hepatic C. celiac D. inferior mesenteric

Q: What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons? A. convergence B. cooperation C. divergence D. All apply.

Q: The splanchnic nerves synapse in the A. paravertebral ganglia. B. collateral ganglia. C. white rami communicantes. D. gray rami communicantes.

Q: Many autonomic visceral effector organs can function without nervous innervation.

Q: Where do autonomic preganglionic neurons originate? A. midbrain B. hindbrain C. thoracic and sacral regions of the spinal cord D. All apply.

Q: Where do autonomic postganglionic neurons originate? A. hindbrain B. gray matter of spinal cord C. peripheral ganglia D. All apply.

Q: Neurotransmitter release in the autonomic nervous system is always inhibitory.

Q: Postganglionic sympathetic neurons arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

Q: Damage to the gray rami communicantes would inhibit the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Q: ____________ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin and unmyelinated. A. Preganglionic autonomic sympathetic B. Postganglionic autonomic sympathetic C. Preganglionic somatic D. Postganglionic somatic

Q: The paravertebral and collateral ganglia are associated with the _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system. A. sympathetic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sensory

Q: The ___________________________ are branches made from the myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that go from the spinal nerves to sympathetic ganglia chain. A. dorsal rami B. ventral rami C. white rami communicantes D. gray rami communicantes

Q: The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system has limited range because only a few postganglionic neurons are stimulated.

Q: The midbrain is part of the brainstem.

Q: Organs innervated by autonomic motor neurons are often under voluntary control.

Q: Autonomic motor neurons leaving the spinal cord synapse once prior to synapsing with the target organ.

Q: The are no sensory neurons associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Q: Important visceral sensory information like blood pressure, plasma pH, and oxygen concentration are carried to the brain through cranial nerves XI and XII.

Q: Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate A. smooth muscle. B. skeletal muscle. C. cardiac muscle. D. glands.

Q: Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs while ______________ motor neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors. A. skeletal B. sensory C. autonomic D. Both skeletal and autonomic are correct.

Q: Somatic motor reflexes involve A. the autonomic nervous system. B. contraction of smooth muscle. C. contraction of skeletal muscle. D. the autonomic ganglia.

Q: The autonomic nervous system A. innervates skeletal muscle. B. is not usually under conscious control. C. is always excitatory. D. has a single nerve extending from the spinal cord.