Q&A Hero

Q: Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to A. cAMP. B. cGMP. C. Ca2+. D. G-proteins.

Q: Which of the following is true of olfaction? A. There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins. B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors. C. Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals. D. All apply.

Q: Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? A. hearing B. olfaction C. taste D. vision

Q: Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.

Q: Olfactory receptors are coupled to A. transducins. B. Na+/Ca2+ channels directly. C. G-proteins. D. adenylate cyclase.

Q: Which of the following is TRUE of taste? A. Taste receptors are considered interoceptors. B. Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue. C. Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells. D. All apply.

Q: Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

Q: Sweet, umami, and bitter receptors activate gustducin G-proteins that lead to depolarization.

Q: Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors.

Q: Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances. A. VII B. V C. X D. XII

Q: A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores.

Q: Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information? A. facial B. glossopharyngeal C. hypoglossal D. Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Q: Gustducin A. is an olfactory G-protein. B. is related to transducin of the eye. C. activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell. D. All apply.

Q: Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins? A. umami B. salty C. sour D. All apply.

Q: Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty, sour, sweet, meaty, or bitter flavors are called A. taste buds. B. umami cells. C. gustducin. D. taste cells.

Q: Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent? A. prefrontal cortex, postcentral gyrus, and insula B. temporal lobe, precentral gyrus, and prefrontal cortex C. thalamus, insula, and postcentral gyrus D. medulla oblongata, insula, and thalamus

Q: Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae? A. foliate papillae B. circumvallate papillae C. glossoform papillae D. fungiform papillae

Q: As ____________ increases, the two-point threshold decreases. A. receptor number B. receptor density C. receptor sensitivity D. receptor sensation

Q: Sensations are sharpened via A. two-point discrimination. B. adaptation. C. lateral inhibition. D. phantom limb.

Q: The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there. A. phantom limb B. lateral inhibition C. referred pain D. adaptation

Q: Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called A. interoceptors. B. nociceptors. C. proprioceptors. D. exteroceptors.

Q: _____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors. A. Sensory adaptation B. Lateral inhibition C. Referred pain D. Phantom limb

Q: The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat, cold, and pain to the spinal cord. A. A-delta B. B-gamma C. C D. A-beta

Q: How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus? A. one B. two C. three D. four

Q: Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system. A. cingulate gyrus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. caudate nucleus

Q: Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

Q: The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

Q: The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of A. heat and pain. B. cold and pain. C. pressure and pain. D. heat and pressure.

Q: The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8 to 28C range by producing a depolarization. A. capsaicin receptor B. two-point threshold C. cold or menthol receptor D. pacinian corpuscle

Q: The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca2+ and Na+ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

Q: Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors. A. capsaicin B. menthol C. histamine D. glutamate

Q: Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Q: Second-order neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus.

Q: Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the A. lateral spinothalamic tract. B. anterior spinothalamic tract. C. medial lemniscus tract. D. anterior spinocerebellar tract.

Q: Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large, _______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____. A. myelinated, ventral, contralateral B. unmyelinated, lateral, ipsilateral C. myelinated, dorsal, ipsilateral D. unmyelinated, dorsal, contralateral

Q: Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

Q: Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross? A. in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord B. in the medulla oblongata C. in the thalamus D. the axons do not cross

Q: Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called A. the law of specific nerve energies. B. tonic adaptation. C. sensory adaptation. D. phasic adaptation.

Q: The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain A. phantom limbs. B. paradoxical cold. C. sensory adaptation. D. lateral inhibition.

Q: The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the A. sensory adaptation. B. generator potential. C. all-or-none law. D. law of specific nerve energies.

Q: The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

Q: As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases. A. adaptation B. frequency C. amplitude D. sensitivity

Q: The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a A. local potential. B. generator potential. C. receptor potential. D. Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor? A. Golgi Corpuscle B. Pacinian Corpuscle C. Merkel's Disk D. Meissner's Corpuscle

Q: Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

Q: Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters. A. substance P, norepinephrine B. glutamate, acetylcholine C. substance P, glutamate D. acetylcholine, substance P

Q: Which of the following is a special sense? A. touch B. vision C. pain D. All apply.

Q: Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane? A. chemoreceptors B. photoreceptors C. thermoreceptors D. mechanoreceptors

Q: Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor? A. muscle spindle B. touch receptor C. heat receptor D. pain receptor

Q: Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also A. proprioceptors. B. interoceptors. C. exteroceptors. D. special senses.

Q: Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also A. interoceptors. B. proprioceptors. C. special senses. D. exteroceptors.

Q: Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

Q: _____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation. Tonic B. Phasic

Q: Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

Q: Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

Q: An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

Q: Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except A. pain. B. thermal sensations. C. body position. D. touch.

Q: The ______ system is involved in the pupillary response. A. tectal B. geniculostriate C. optic chiasma D. sensory adaptation

Q: The optic radiations project fibers from the lateral geniculate nuclei to area A. 9 of the occipital lobe. B. 19 of the occipital lobe. C. 17 of the occipital lobe. D. 21 of the occipital lobe.

Q: The receptive field affected by cones is much smaller than the receptive field of rods.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a type of cortical visual neuron? A. simple B. compound C. complex D. hypercomplex

Q: Receptive fields of simple neurons are rectangular because they are best suited to stimulation from a slit of light.

Q: Match the type of receptor with the stimulus that would activate it. nociceptors burning your mouth

Q: Match the cutaneous receptor with the sensation it responds to.1. free nerve endingstexture and slow vibration 2. Meissner's corpusclessustained pressure 3. Ruffini corpusclesdeep pressure and fast vibration 4. Pacinian corpuscleslight tough, temperature, and pain 5. Merkel's discssustained touch and pressure

Q: Which of the following statements is true? A. Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies. B. Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses. C. Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses. D. The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

Q: What type of eye movement helps you to follow a moving object? A. vergence B. saccadic C. fixational D. smooth pursuit

Q: Ganglion cells are stimulated optimally by A. light striking the entire retinal surface. B. light striking a spot on the retina. C. a bar of light moving on the retina. D. a bar of light striking a spot on the retina.

Q: Some ganglion cells are stimulated by light at the center of its receptive field while others are stimulated by light at the periphery of its receptive field. This improves visual acuity.

Q: Some ganglion cells of the retina contain _______ that is sensitive to luminance and helps the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms. A. melatonin B. melanopsin C. retinal D. photopsin

Q: A common visual impairment in older people that is caused by damage to the central fovea is A. geniculostriatum. B. retinitis pigmentosa. C. macular degeneration. D. bleaching.

Q: Eye movements are regulated by information sent to the A. lateral geniculate nucleus. B. hypothalamus. C. inferior colliculus. D. superior colliculus.

Q: Which type of eye movements are high velocity (400 to 800 degrees per second)? A. saccadic B. smooth pursuit C. vergence D. papillary

Q: Vision would be impaired by A. damage to the superior colliculus. B. ablation of the medial geniculate nucleus. C. damage to the temporal lobe. D. damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Q: Axons from the nasal portions of both eyes will decussate in the A. lateral geniculate nucleus. B. optic chiasma. C. superior colliculus. D. striate cortex.

Q: Information from both eyes is present in all of the following except the A. optic tract. B. optic nerve. C. optic radiation. D. occipital lobe.

Q: The geniculostriate system tells you what you are seeing, while the tectal system tells you where the object is.

Q: In the geniculostriate system, the right lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from the right visual fields of both eyes.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a type of cone? A. red B. blue C. yellow D. green

Q: Which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm? blue cones B. green cones C. red cones

Q: M cones are medium length green cones.