Q&A Hero

Psychology

Q: Pharmacological concentrations of hormones causes normal tissue responses.
Q: Water-soluble hormones bind to receptors located within the plasma membrane.
Q: Hormone receptors have a high capacity and a low affinity.
Q: Lipophilic hormones interact with receptors that are transcription factors.
Q: Lipophilic hormones and thyroid hormone are transported to their target cells free in the plasma.
Q: Nuclear receptors that have been identified and their genes cloned, but their hormone ligands are unknown are called A. transcription factors. B. unknown ligands. C. orphan receptors. D. nongenomic receptors.
Q: Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which A. activate tyrosine kinase. B. regulate gene transcription. C. stimulate production of cyclic AMP. D. stimulate production of diacylglycerol.
Q: To induce full cellular effects, thyroid hormones also require the actions of A. adrenocorticotropin. B. melatonin. C. 9-cis-retinoic acid. D. somatomedins.
Q: Steroid hormone receptors may be found A. in the cytoplasm. B. in the nucleus. C. on the cell surface. D. Both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus.
Q: Lipophilic hormones travel in the blood bonded to carrier proteins.
Q: Steroid hormone influence on gene expression is known as A. genomic action. B. nongenomic action. C. dimerization. D. translocation.
Q: Which of the following is a selective estrogen receptor modulator? A. tamoxifen. B. raloxifene. C. progesterone. D. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene.
Q: Carrier proteins would be required by A. aldosterone. B. cholecystokinin. C. follicle stimulating hormone. D. prolactin.
Q: Testosterone receptors would be ____________ in response to anabolic steroid abuse A. inhibited B. primed C. upregulated D. downregulated
Q: Which of the following is the most senior precursor molecule? A. a prehormone B. a prohormone C. a hormone D. a hormone receptor
Q: Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are inactive until changed by their target cells are A. prohormones. B. lipophilic hormones. C. prehormones. D. tissue hormones.
Q: Responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins.
Q: Which of the following is NOT true about a chemical functioning in physiological regulation A. There must be a mechanism to turn off the chemical's action. B. The chemicals must be secreted by endocrine glands. C. Target cell must have specific receptor molecules for the chemical. D. The combination of the chemical and its receptor must cause specific changes to occur in the target cell.
Q: Hormones which enhance the responsiveness of a target organ to a second hormone have A. complementary effects. B. synergistic effects. C. antagonistic effects. D. permissive effects.
Q: When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are A. permissive. B. antagonistic. C. synergistic. D. inhibitory.
Q: A chronically high hormone concentration often leads to an increased receptor number.
Q: Small amounts of a polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone may cause A. upregulation of receptors. B. increased numbers of receptors placed in the plasma membrane. C. the priming effect. D. All apply.
Q: Many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are secreted in discrete bursts called pulsatile secretions.
Q: Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from cholesterol.
Q: Polypeptide hormones are synthesized from tyrosine and tryptophan.
Q: Melatonin can pass through plasma membranes since it is derived from the nonpolar amino acid tryptophan.
Q: Those hormones that are nonpolar can pass through the plasma membrane and are called A. hydrophilic. B. hydrophobic. C. lipophilic. D. Both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct.
Q: Polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones can be taken orally.
Q: Which of the following is NOT a polypeptide or glycoprotein hormone A. cortisol B. glucagon C. antidiuretic hormone D. parathyroid hormone
Q: Most polypeptide and protein hormones are synthesized as prohormones.
Q: Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts.
Q: Biologically active molecules in the blood are called hormones.
Q: The neurons from the hypothalamus secrete chemicals called neurohormones.
Q: Dual glands, like the pancreas, have both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Q: A greater bending of the stereocilia will increase the frequency of action potentials and will be perceived as a louder sound.
Q: What is the medium found in the cochlear canal? A. air B. perilymph C. endolymph D. ectolymph
Q: Which of the following is NOT true of outer hair cells of the organ of Corti? A. innervated by motor neurons B. will shorten when depolarized and lengthen when hyperpolarized C. occur in multiple rows in each turn of the cochlear duct D. relay sound information by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve
Q: What neurotransmitter is released by the inner hair cells once they have depolarized? A. glutamate B. acetylcholine C. ATP D. norepinephrine
Q: What role do outer hair cells play in the transmission of sound? A. They dampen strong vibrations from very loud sounds. B. They bend and depolarize with specific wavelengths of sound waves. C. They amplify softer sound and sharpen pitch perception. D. All apply.
Q: Ablation of the superior colliculus of the midbrain would induce deafness.
Q: Which of the following is the correct neural pathway for hearing? A. vestibulocochlear nerve, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, thalamus, temporal lobe B. vestibulocochlear nerve, medulla oblongata, inferior colliculus, thalamus, temporal lobe C. vestibulocochlear nerve, thalamus, inferior colliculus, medulla oblongata, temporal lobe D. None apply.
Q: Sensorineural deafness can be caused by all of the following except A. excessively loud noises. B. build up of wax in the ears. C. damage to the cochlear nerve. D. loss of hair cells in the cochlea.
Q: Age-related hearing impairment is known as A. presbycusis. B. presbyopia. C. conduction deafness. D. otosclerosis.
Q: The bending of the stereocilia of the organ of Corti opens membrane channels that are permeable to mainly ____, which causes depolarization. A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. All apply.
Q: Which of the following is NOT part of the organ of Corti? A. vestibular membrane B. tectorial membrane C. basilar membrane D. hair cells with sensory fibers
Q: What structure connects the scala vestibuli with the scala tympani? A. round window B. helicotrema C. oval window D. cochlear duct
Q: Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle? A. incus B. malleus C. otolith D. stapes
Q: Which of the following is true of the auditory tube? A. It is a passageway from the middle ear to the oropharynx. B. It is usually collapsed. C. It opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle. D. Both it is usually collapsed and it opens due to the action of the tensor tympani muscle.
Q: Vibrations in the stapes directly induce vibrations in the A. tympanic membrane. B. incus. C. round window. D. oval window.
Q: Conduction deafness occurs due to loss of hair cells in the cochlea.
Q: The scala vestibuli of the cochlea is filled with A. endolymph. B. perilymph. C. ectolymph. D. mesolymph.
Q: The function of the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti is to amplify low sound intensities.
Q: Damage to the tectorial membrane near the oval window would limit an individual's ability to detect high frequency sounds.
Q: The structure for hearing is the A. vestibular apparatus. B. spiral organ. C. organ of Corti. D. Both the spiral organ and the organ of Corti are correct.
Q: There are stones in the inner ear.
Q: Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve. A. cerebrum B. midbrain C. pons D. medulla oblongata
Q: Vertigo occurs due to activation of the A. utricle. B. semicircular canals. C. saccule. D. cochlea.
Q: Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus? A. It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes. B. It may be a symptom of Mnire's disease. C. It is loss of equilibrium. D. All apply.
Q: Which of the following structures are important to the maintenance of balance and equilibrium? A. eyes B. proprioceptors from joints and muscles C. vestibular apparatus D. All apply.
Q: The softest sound which could be heard would have an intensity of A. 0 decibels. B. 0.1 decibels. C. 1 decibel. D. 10 decibels.
Q: The hertz is a measure of A. distance. B. frequency. C. duration. D. intensity.
Q: Damage to the stapedius muscle can lead to nerve damage within the cochlea.
Q: Otoliths are associated with the A. crista ampullaris. B. cupula. C. macula. D. semicircular canals.
Q: Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months.
Q: The opening of Na+/Ca2+ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.
Q: What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium? A. produce new bipolar receptor cells B. to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble C. to repair damaged receptor cells D. to form basal stem cells
Q: The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the A. vestibular apparatus. B. cochlea. C. bony labyrinth. D. organ of Corti.
Q: Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear? A. cochlea B. utricle C. semicircular canals D. saccule
Q: What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual? A. It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth. B. It has a higher than normal concentration of Na+. C. It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl-. D. It has a higher than normal concentration of K+.
Q: When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium, the cell membrane will be A. hyperpolarized. B. depolarized. C. releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter. D. Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.
Q: Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged.
Q: Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.
Q: As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula, the stereocilia are stimulated.
Q: The cupula is part of the A. semicircular canals. B. utricle. C. saccule. D. cochlea.
Q: Which of the following is true of olfaction? A. There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins. B. Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors. C. Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals. D. All apply.
Q: Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? A. hearing B. olfaction C. taste D. vision
Q: Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.
Q: Olfactory receptors are coupled to A. transducins. B. Na+/Ca2+ channels directly. C. G-proteins. D. adenylate cyclase.
Q: Taste cells are modified neurons.
Q: Where is the primary gustatory cortex? A. postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe B. prefrontal cortex C. temporal lobe D. insula
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