Q&A Hero

Q: What amino acid of the protein colloid in thryoid follicles does iodine bind to? A. threonine B. serine C. tyrosine D. alanine

Q: What is the protein found in the colloid of a thyroid follicle? A. thyroglobulin B. gammaglobulin C. iodoglobulin D. betaglobulin

Q: What is produced when two diiodotyrosine molecules couple togther? A. triiodothyronine B. tetriodothyronine C. thyroxine D. Both tetraiodotyronine and thyroxine are correct.

Q: Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion? A. raises blood glucose levels B. stimulates kidneys to retain Na+ C. causes loss of K+ in urine D. an increase in blood volume and pressure

Q: Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol secretion? A. stimulates gluconeogenesis B. lowers blood levels of free fatty acids C. promotes lipolysis D. inhibits glucose utilization

Q: What is NOT an effect of taking exogenous glucocorticoids? A. increased immune response B. hyperglycemia and decreased glucose tolerance C. decreased inflammation D. osteoporosis

Q: What controls release of corticoids from the adrenal cortex? A. higher brain centers B. CRH from the hypothalamus C. ACTH from the anterior pituitary D. All apply.

Q: A tumor stimulating oversecretion of hormones by the thyroid gland would cause plasma Ca2+ to increase.

Q: A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion.

Q: A(n) _____________ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency. A. tumor B. goiter C. abscss D. keloid

Q: Hypothyroidism in adults causes A. Grave's disease. B. myxedema. C. cretinism. D. Cushing's disease

Q: Which of the following is NOT a response of the body to stress? A. increased secretion of ACTH B. increased secretion of glucocorticoids C. increased immune response D. increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Q: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Addison's disease? A. skin discoloration (bronzing) B. hyperglycemia C. hypotension D. sodium and potassium imbalances

Q: A tumor of the ______________ referred to as a pheochromocytoma. A. adrenal cortex B. adrenal medulla C. thyroid gland D. pineal gland

Q: Pheochromocytomas would stimulate A. hypersecretion of aldosterone. B. hypersecretion of cortisol. C. hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropin. D. hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Q: Adrenal medulla hormones prolong the effects of sympathetic nerves.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in the response to stress? A. stage of exhaustion B. alarm reaction C. stage of denial D. stage of resistance

Q: Prolonged stress may stimulate A. symptoms similar to Cushing's syndrome. B. increased resistance to disease. C. adrenal gland atrophy. D. no apparent physiological changes.

Q: A deficiency of dopamine would allow the production of prolactin.

Q: The ____________ has a medulla derived from ectoderm and a cortex derived from mesoderm. A. adrenal gland B. pancreas C. thyroid gland D. pituitary gland

Q: The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex secretes the mineralocorticoids.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three functional categories of corticosteroids? A. mineralocorticoids B. glucocorticoids C. thyrocorticoids D. sex steroids

Q: __________ is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure. A. Antidiuretic hormone B. Aldosterone C. Hydrocortisone D. Norepinephrine

Q: What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. adenosine D. cholesterol

Q: The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in A. regulation of blood glucose. B. regulation of Na+ balance. C. regulation of Ca2+ balance. D. regulation of reproduction.

Q: The hypersecretion of corticosteroids results in A. Addison's disease. B. diabetes insipidus. C. Grave's disease. D. Cushing's disease.

Q: The hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids results in A. Addison's disease. B. diabetes insipidus. C. Grave's disease. D. Cushing's disease.

Q: Where is oxytocin produced? A. hypothalamus B. pineal gland C. anterior pituitary gland D. posterior pituitary gland

Q: What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation? A. prolactin B. ADH C. oxytocin D. luteinizing hormone

Q: What is the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract? A. transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary B. transports nerve impulse from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary C. transports hormones and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary D. All apply.

Q: Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would stimulate A. decreased secretion of growth hormone. B. decreased secretion of adrenocorticotropin. C. decreased secretion of luteinizing hormone. D. decreased secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Q: The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the various target glands control the functions of each other, so there is no "master gland."

Q: Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to A. positive feedback effect. B. negative feedback. C. negative feedback inhibition. D. positive feedback inhibition.

Q: Pheromones act through the gustatory sense to modify the physiology or behavior of another member of the same species.

Q: Higher brain centers can influence pituitary secretions and therefore the target organ through the pituitary-target organ axis.

Q: What is the function of prolactin in females? A. stimulates milk production in the mammary glands B. regulates the gonadotropins C. regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D. All apply.

Q: What is the function of prolactin in males? A. stimulates growth of sperm cells B. stimulates milk production in the mammary glands C. regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys D. None apply.

Q: What is the cause of pituitary cachexia? A. over-secretion of growth hormone in adults B. over-secretion of prolactin in adults C. deficiency of growth hormone in adults D. deficiency of growth hormone in children

Q: What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. stimulates loss of water by the kidneys B. causes large urine volume C. causes a darkening of the skin D. stimulates retention of water by the kidneys

Q: Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes A. acromegaly. B. pituitary cachexia. C. gigantism. D. myxedema.

Q: Elevated secretion of ACTH, as in Addison's disease, causes a darkening of the skin because ACTH is related to MSH which causes production of the pigment melanin.

Q: Growth would be inhibited by A. increasing prolactin secretion. B. increasing somatostatin secretion. C. increasing somatomedin secretion. D. increasing thyroid hormone secretion.

Q: Regulation of mineral homeostasis would be inhibited due to decreased secretion of A. corticotropin releasing hormone. B. dopamine. C. gondadotropin releasing hormone. D. growth hormone releasing hormone.

Q: Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion would inhibit testosterone synthesis.

Q: Pituitary dwarfism is caused by growth years hyposecretion of growth hormone.

Q: Oxytocin synthesis occurs in the neurohypophysis.

Q: Cortisol secretion would cease if the _________ no longer secreted ACTH. A. posterior pituitary gland B. hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary gland D. adrenal cortex

Q: Adrenocorticotropic hormone is synthesized in cells that had been part of the A. the pars distalis. B. the pars tuberalis. C. the pars intermedia. D. the neurohypophysis.

Q: The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the __________ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system. A. posterior pituitary B. anterior pituitary C. pineal gland D. thalamus

Q: Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum? A. G-proteins B. phospholipase C C. inositol triphosphate (IP3) D. calmodulin

Q: Many growth factors use A. cyclic AMP as a second messenger. B. tyrosine kinase as a second messenger. C. calmodulin as a second messenger. D. cyclic GMP as a second messenger.

Q: Cellular actions of insulin could be inhibited by A. decreasing intracellular calmodulin. B. stimulating protein kinase activity. C. inhibiting translation. D. inhibiting receptor phosphorylation.

Q: What is the action of the signaling molecules activated by the insulin-tyrosine kinase second messenger system? A. insertion of glucose carrier proteins into the plasma membrane B. hydrolysis of glycogen and secretion of glucose C. transport of insulin into the cell D. All apply.

Q: Adenohypophyseal function is regulated by the hypothalamus.

Q: The anterior pituitary gland is also called the neurohypophysis.

Q: The posterior pituitary gland produces two hormones.

Q: Protein synthesis is usually stimulated when luteinizing hormone binds to its receptor.

Q: Prolactin injections may be used to induce labor.

Q: In the phospholipase C mechanism, most of the increased intracellular calcium comes from A. outside the cell. B. within the plasma membrane. C. the endoplasmic reticulum. D. extracellular fluid.

Q: Caffeine raises intracellular cAMP concentrations by inhibiting phosphodiesterase.

Q: Viagra is a drug that creates penile erection by A. indirectly decreasing the breakdown of cGMP. B. indirectly increasing cGMP production. C. directly decreasing nitric oxide levels. D. directly increasing nitric oxide levels.

Q: cAMP activates ______ that activates other enzymes in the cell. A. protein kinase B. calcium C. calmodulin D. tyrosine kinase

Q: G-proteins are needed to directly stimulate the activation of protein kinase.

Q: Protein kinase catalyzes the ___________ of other enzymes in the cytoplasm. A. hydrolysis B. phosphorylation C. synthesis D. decarboxylation

Q: Epinephrine can act through two second-messenger systems (cAMP and Ca2+).

Q: Binding of epinephrine to beta-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane will activate the ______ second messenger system. A. calcium B. IP3 C. adenylate cyclase (cAMP) D. DAG

Q: Inhibition of G-proteins would cause an increase in hormone-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.

Q: Mutation of the calmodulin gene would alter the ability of ____________ to act as a second messenger. A. calcium B. sodium C. potassium D. cAMP

Q: Second messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C A. are inhibited by the actions of caffeine. B. are stimulated by phosphodiesterases. C. may activate calmodulin. D. stimulate gene transcription.

Q: Activated calmodulin will, in turn, activate protein kinases.

Q: How is most thyroid hormone transported in the plasma? A. as T4 bonded to globulin B. as T3 bonded to globulin C. as free T4 D. as free T3

Q: All protein-bound T4 is released to enter the target cells.

Q: Plasma levels of protein-bound thyroxine fluctuate greatly in response to the body's use of thyroxine.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a second messenger system activated by lipophobic hormones? A. 9-cis-retinoic acid B. tyrosine kinase C. adenylate cyclase D. phospholipase C

Q: Inhibition of phosphodiesterase would potentially increase the effects of hormones that activate adenylate cyclase.

Q: The process of two steroid hormones binding to their nuclear receptors at two half-sites on DNA to initiate transcription is called A. synergism. B. antagonism. C. translocation. D. dimerization.

Q: Steroid hormone receptors form a ____ on their DNA half-sites. A. homodimer B. autodimer C. pseudodimer D. heterodimer

Q: Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found A. on the plasma membrane. B. in the cytoplasm. C. in the nucleus. D. All apply.

Q: Thyroid hormone receptors form a ___ on their DNA half-sites. A. homodimer B. autodimer C. pseudodimer D. heterodimer

Q: Proteins that must bind to a nuclear receptor protein that aids in its activation are called A. homodimers. B. corepressors. C. orphan receptors. D. coactivators.