Q&A Hero

Q: Vasopressin induces renal water A. secretion. B. excretion. C. filtration. D. reabsorption.

Q: __________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys. A. ADH B. Aldosterone C. Renin D. Angiotensin

Q: A renin secreting tumor would induce hypertension.

Q: Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary. A. higher, higher B. higher, lower C. lower, lower D. lower, higher

Q: What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary? A. hydrostatic pressure in the capillary B. hydrostatic force in the interstitial fluid C. colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma) D. colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

Q: How much filtrate do the kidneys produce per day? A. 10 L B. 50 L C. 110 L D. 180 L

Q: How much kidney filtrate is reabsorbed back into the vascular system? A. 100% B. 98-99% C. 75-80% D. 50-60%

Q: Oncotic pressure is the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma and the colloid osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.

Q: The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries. A. net filtration pressure B. blood pressure C. osmotic pressure D. None apply

Q: How much of the total body water is generally found in the blood plasma? A. 67% B. 33% C. 26.3% D. 6.7%

Q: Net filtration would be decreased by A. liver damage. B. increased hepatic protein synthesis. C. hypotension. D. increased cellular metabolism.

Q: Edema may result from increased plasma protein concentrations.

Q: Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT A. hypertension. B. protein malnutrition. C. lymphatic blockage. D. hyperthyroidism.

Q: Elephantiasis is caused by A. decreased plasma protein concentration. B. obstruction of lymphatic drainage. C. high arterial blood pressure. D. myxedema.

Q: The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as A. oncotic pressures. B. starling forces. C. colloid osmotic pressures. D. None apply.

Q: At rest, most blood is within the venous system.

Q: Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT A. exhalation. B. the skeletal muscle pump. C. hypertension. D. sympathetic stimulation of the veins.

Q: Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called _____ vessels. A. resistance B. stretchy. C. capacitance. D. Both resistance and stretchy are correct.

Q: The ability to distend with pressure increases is called A. chronotropism. B. oncotism. C. inotropism. D. compliance.

Q: As cardiac muscle is stretched, it contracts less forcibly.

Q: Stroke volume is directly proportional to A. preload. B. contractility. C. total peripheral resistance. D. Both preload and contractility.

Q: Stroke volume is inversely proportional to A. preload. B. contractility. C. total peripheral resistance. D. Both preload and contractility.

Q: Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract.

Q: In response to increased ventricular filling A. total peripheral resistance increases. B. sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine. C. myocardial cells stretch. D. myocardial contractility in decreases.

Q: Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle. This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to A. depolarization. B. lactic acid. C. calcium. D. parasympathetic antagonists.

Q: Positive inotropic agents increase intracellular Ca2+ in the myocardium.

Q: Cardiac output would be increased by A. sympathetic antagonists. B. parasympathetic agonists. C. negative inotropic agents. D. positive chronotropic agents.

Q: Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will A. increase the rate of diastolic depolarization. B. increase conduction rate. C. increase the strength of contraction. D. All apply.

Q: The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart. A. pons B. cerebrum C. medulla oblongata D. midbrain

Q: Congestive heart failure occurs when the pumping efficiency of the heart increases.

Q: The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the A. after-load. B. pre-diastolic volume (PDV). C. stroke volume (SV). D. end-diastolic volume (EDV).

Q: The ejection fraction is A. normally about 60% at rest. B. the ratio of end diastolic volume to end systolic volume. C. increased by parasympathetic agonists. D. decreased by sympathetic agonists.

Q: Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT A. total peripheral resistance. B. emotional stress. C. cardiac contractility. D. end diastolic volume (EDV).

Q: The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes an intrinsic regulation of stroke volume.

Q: According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume A. decreases. increases. C. shows no change.

Q: What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind in the heart? A. b1-adrenergic B. a-adrenergic C. muscarinic D. nicotinic

Q: What keeps the HCN channels open? A. G-proteins B. cAMP C. ATP D. Ca2+

Q: Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels. A. muscarinic, K+ B. nicotinic, K+ C. muscarinic, Na+ D. nicotinic, Na+

Q: The effect of acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the heart is a heart rate A. increase. B. decrease. C. unchanged.

Q: Mechanisms that affect cardiac rate are said to have a chronotropic effect.

Q: Stroke volume is increased as systemic blood pressure increases.

Q: Norepinephrine agonists would increase cardiac output.

Q: Which capillaries have wide intercellular pores that serve as a basement membrane over the capillary endothelium for increased filtration? A. true B. continuous C. fenestrated D. discontinuous

Q: Within the blood vessels, valves are found in the A. arteries. B. capillaries. C. arterioles. D. veins.

Q: Cardiac output increases as heart rate increases.

Q: Under resting conditions, all of the body's blood is pumped through the left ventricle in one minute.

Q: The ventricles pump an average of 50-60 mL of blood per minute.

Q: What is the resting cardiac rate for an adult? A. 60 beats/min B. 70 beats/min C. 75 beats/min D. 80 beats/min

Q: Cardiac output is equal to A. stroke volume - cardiac rate. B. stroke volume / cardiac rate. C. stroke volume + cardiac rate. D. stroke volume x cardiac rate

Q: Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to ______. A. parasympathetic, increase. B. parasympathetic, decrease. C. sympathetic, increase. D. sympathetic, decrease.

Q: Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ channels inducing a faster diastolic depolarization. A. voltage-gated Ca2+ B. fast Ca2+ C. HCN D. fast Na+

Q: The S-T segment of an ECG represents A. atrial depolarization. B. passage of the electrical impulse to the atrioventricular node. C. ventricular depolarization. D. the plateau phase of the myocardial action potential.

Q: Failure of the SA node to depolarize would result in an ECG A. lacking a T wave. B. lacking a QRS complex. C. lacking a P wave. D. that is isoelectric.

Q: The pressure of arterial blood is lower than the pressure of venous blood.

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three coats that comprise the walls of arteries and veins? A. tunica superficia B. tunica externa C. tunica media D. tunica interna

Q: Which vessels are most important for controlling resistance to blood flow? A. elastic arteries B. venules C. capillaries D. arterioles

Q: All blood vessels are lined with A. the tunica externa. B. smooth muscle. C. endothelial cells. D. elastin.

Q: Fenestrated capillaries are found in the A. liver and bone marrow. B. skeletal muscles. C. adipose tissue. D. endocrine glands.

Q: Myocardial cells exhibit a plateau phase instead of quickly repolarizing. This is due to A. inward diffusion of calcium through slow Ca2+ channels. B. inward diffusion of sodium through fast Na+ channels. C. inward diffusion of potassium through voltage-gated K+ channels. D. outward pumping of sodium by the Na+/K+ pump.

Q: The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n) A. EMG. B. depolarization. C. heart scan. D. ECG.

Q: The T wave of the ECG represents atrial repolarization.

Q: An ECG lacking a T wave would occur if the sinoatrial node were not functioning.

Q: Medications that are used to treat arrhythmias may use which of the following mechanisms? A. block b-adrenergic receptors. B. block fast Na+ channels. C. block slow Ca2+ channels. D. All apply

Q: The P wave of an ECG represents A. atrial repolarization. B. atrial depolarization. C. ventricular repolarization. D. ventricular depolarization.

Q: Ventricular depolarization A. occurs prior to atrial depolarization. B. appears as the T wave on an ECG. C. appears as the P wave on an ECG. D. occurs after atrial depolarization.

Q: Bipolar limb lead three uses the A. left and right arms. B. left arm and left leg. C. right arm and left leg. D. left arm and right leg.

Q: When Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart are opened by an increase in Ca2+ in the cytoplasm, this is referred to as A. calcium-induced fibrillation. B. calcium-stimulated depolarization. C. calcium-stimulated calcium release. D. calcium-induced repolarization.

Q: Increasing the number of slow Ca2+ channels open in the sinoatrial node increases heart rate.

Q: Cardiac ________ channels are called hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide (HCN) channels because they open in response to hyperpolarization. A. atrial B. Purkinje C. pacemaker D. ventricular

Q: The myocardium acts as a single, functioning unit called a/an A. multi-unit muscle. B. pacemaker. C. isoelectric unit. D. functional syncytium.

Q: What part of the heart's conduction system acts as the primary pacemaker? A. SA node B. AV node C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers

Q: The action potential of cardiac pacemaker cells is caused by A. inward diffusion of Na+. B. inward diffusion of Ca2+. C. inward diffusion of K+. D. outward diffusion of K+.

Q: The action potential of nonpacemaker cells is due to the A. inward diffusion of Na+. B. inward diffusion of Ca2+. C. inward diffusion of K+. D. outward diffusion of K+.

Q: The _________________ conducts impulses from the AV node to branches which lead to the Purkinje fibers. A. AV valve B. ventricular septum C. AV bundle D. SA node

Q: ____________ binds and inactivates the sodium-potassium ATPase pumps of myocardial cell leading to increased intracellular calcium concentrations and stronger myocardial contractions. A. Epinephrine B. Digitalis C. Nicotine D. Caffeine

Q: The ______________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart. A. SA node B. AV bundle C. Bundle of His D. Purkinje fibers

Q: Systole refers to the ______ of the heart. A. relaxation B. filling C. contraction D. blood flow

Q: The heart spend more time in diastole than systole.

Q: What causes the semilunar valves to close? A. higher pressure in the ventricles than in the atria B. higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk than in the ventricles C. higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles D. higher pressure in the ventricles than aorta and pulmonary trunk

Q: What occurs when the pressure in the ventricles drops below the pressure of the atria? A. AV valves open B. AV valves close C. SL valves open D. SL valves close