Q&A Hero

Q: Matching Questions Mutation in complement protein number 1 would directly A. prevent complement recognition. B. prevent complement fixation. C. prevent opsonization. D. prevent complement activation.

Q: Ventilation involves both internal and external components.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a component of respiration? A. gas exchange B. oxygen utilization C. speech D. ventilation

Q: Internal respiration occurs most frequently in the respiratory zone.

Q: The pharynx is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.

Q: Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant.

Q: Complement proteins facilitate opsonization.

Q: Mutations in complement proteins 1 through 4 directly affect the structure of the membrane attack complex.

Q: Mutation in the variable regions of the heavy and light chains would directly change the antigen binding site.

Q: Allergic reactions could be minimized if the synthesis of immunoglobulin _____________ was blocked. A. IgA B. IgM C. IgE D. IgD

Q: Mutations in the genes encoding for IgG would A. prevent allergic reactions. B. block the synthesis of the principle form of circulating antibody. C. prevent antibody secretion in external secretions. D. prevent lymphocyte stimulation by antigens.

Q: Match the antibody to its function.1. 1. IgMmain type in circulation; secreted in secondary response 2. 5. IgEmain type in body secretions such as saliva and mother's milk 3. 2. IgAallergic symptoms in immediate hypersensitivity reactions 4. 4. IgDantigen receptor on lymphocytes; secreted in primary response 5. 3. IgGantigen receptor on lymphocytes

Q: Matching Questions Antibody diversity can be explained by A. the fact that many different genes encode for the different antibody chains. B. mutations occur in germ cells. C. mutation of pathogens. D. clonal production of plasma cells.

Q: Matching Questions Colostrum is high in A. IgA. B. IgD. C. IgE. D. IgG.

Q: Matching Questions Antibody diversity can be explained by A. clonal production of plasma cells. B. antigen-dependent diversification. C. over 100 million genes encoding for antibodies. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Matching Questions The ability of IgM antibodies to convert of other types of antibodies is called A. cloning. B. antigen-dependent diversification. C. class switch recombination. D. somatic hyper mutation.

Q: Immunoglobulins are synthesized and secreted by B lymphocytes.

Q: Antibodies cause direct destruction of antigens and pathogenic organisms.

Q: What chemical acts as a chemokine to draw more neutrophils to the site of an infection? A. histamine B. tumor necrosis factor alpha C. protease D. prostaglandin

Q: Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at an inflamed site? A. T lymphocytes B. B lymphocytes C. monocytes D. neutrophils

Q: The ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis is called A. opsonization. B. chemotaxis. C. extravasation. D. complementation.

Q: Both innate and adaptive immunity processes are necessary for local inflammation to function properly.

Q: Antigens are used to induce a passive immune response.

Q: Activated B lymphocytes move into a germinal center of a secondary lymphoid organ and then produce antibodies.

Q: During the local inflammatory response, a lack of mast cells would result in A. decreased antibody secretion. B. interaction of antibodies with the pathogen. C. activation of complement. D. decreased capillary permeability.

Q: What is the process of drawing leukocytes to the site of an infection? A. chemotaxis B. diapedesis C. extravasation D. opsonization

Q: What chemical is released by mast cells that aids in the inflammation process by causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability? A. cytokines B. heparin C. histamine D. proteases

Q: What chemical is released by neutrophils that produces pus at the site of an infection? A. cytokines B. heparin C. histamine D. proteases

Q: What are the areas of antigens that stimulate production of various antibodies called? A. haptens B. lymphokines C. antigenic determinant sites D. complement binding sites

Q: The population of T lymphocytes in the blood is larger than that of the B lymphocytes.

Q: The measurement of a particular antigen by an agglutination reaction is called an immunoassay.

Q: B lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Q: The lymph nodes and spleen are primary lymphoid organs.

Q: Which cell combats most bacterial infections? B lymphocyte B. T lymphocyte

Q: Which cell combats vitally infected cells, transplants, and cancer cells? A. B lymphocyte T lymphocyte

Q: The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that filters lymph from lymphatic vessels.

Q: T lymphocytes in an adult mainly come from A. the thymus. B. bone marrow. C. lymph nodes and spleen. D. the liver.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ? A. spleen B. tonsils C. thymus D. lymph nodes

Q: Phagocytotic leukocytes involved in the inflammatory response generally do not reenter system circulation.

Q: The characteristic symptoms of local inflammation include redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and pus.

Q: Fevers increase neutrophil activity and interferon production.

Q: Interferons stimulate macrophage replication.

Q: Interferons have diverse functions including inhibiting erythrocyte and adipose cell maturation.

Q: Interferons A. stimulate viral replication. B. provide humoral immunity. C. provide nonspecific immunity. D. are produced by viruses.

Q: Actions of interferons include A. stimulation of fever. B. inhibition of cytotoxic T cells. C. inhibition of antibody production. D. inhibition of cell division.

Q: Alpha and beta interferons will inhibit A. growth of cancer cells. B. viral replication and assembly. C. activity of natural killer cells. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Beta interferon is now being used to treat hepatitis B and C.

Q: Gamma interferon is a useful tool against cancer and is produced by natural killer cells.

Q: Antigens A. are large, complex molecules. B. are usually small molecules. C. normally have a simple structure. D. are often normally found in body fluids.

Q: Small organic molecules that by themselves are NOT antigenic are called A. antibodies. B. haptens. C. interferons. D. complement.

Q: Inhibition of phagocytosis prevents proper Kupffer cell function.

Q: Phagocytosis of pathogens would be enhanced if A. the number of monocytes in the blood increased. B. Kupffer cells were destroyed. C. the number of neutrophils in the blood increased. D. The number of monocytes or neutrophils in the blood increased.

Q: Phagocytic cells include all of the following EXCEPT A. microglia. B. Kupffer cells. C. lymphocytes. D. macrophages.

Q: What substance signals macropages to destroy self-cells that have committed apoptosis? A. interleukin-1 B. peptidoglycan C. complement D. phosphatidylserine

Q: Which of the following does NOT act to produce fever? A. tumor necrosis factor B. interleukin-6 C. interferon D. interleukin-1

Q: Fever is induced by pyrogens.

Q: Macrophages are derived from neutrophils.

Q: The binding of toll-like receptors on dendritic cells and macrophages to LPS from bacteria stimulates the secretion of A. cytokines. B. complement. C. PAMPs. D. peptidoglycans.

Q: Neutrophils and monocytes are able to leave the blood and enter tissues via diapedesis.

Q: Chemotaxis is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to the site of an infection.

Q: How does the immune system recognize a foreign cell? A. The presence of toll-like receptors. B. The presence of organ-specific phagocytes. C. The presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. D. The presence of complement.

Q: Molecules that are present in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria and are the best known PAMPs are called A. interferon. B. lipopolysaccharides (LPS). C. lymphokines. D. complement.

Q: What system helps to integrate innate and adaptive immune responses? A. PAMPs B. cytokines C. complement D. interferon

Q: What structures aid in our ability to identify potential pathogens as foreign and not self by bonding to PAMPs? A. complement B. LPS C. cytokines D. toll-like receptors

Q: Matching Questions In asthma, difficulty in breathing is caused, in part, by A. prostaglandin D. B. leukotrienes. C. histamines. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Matching Questions Immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by ________, while delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by ___________. A. T lymphocytes, antibodies B. histamine, leukotrienes C. antibodies, T lymphocytes D. histamine, haptens

Q: Lymphocytes are involved in specific immune reactions.

Q: It would take too many genes for us to inherit all of our mechanisms to fight pathogens.

Q: _____________ tissues serve as a barrier to microbial infection. A. Epithelial B. Muscular C. Nervous D. Connective

Q: _____________ is a secreted enzyme that destroys bacteria. A. Chemotaxin B. Complement C. Lysozyme D. Interferon

Q: The two categories of immune defensive mechanisms are __________ and ___________. A. innate (nonspecific) immunity, adaptive (specific) immunity. B. passive immunity, active immunity. C. heavy immunity, light immunity. D. direct immunity, indirect immunity.

Q: Which of the following is involved in specific immunity? A. mucus B. macrophages C. neutrophils D. lymphocytes

Q: Matching Questions Which of the following involves delayed hypersensitivity? A. contact dermatitis B. IgE secretion C. hay fever D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Autoimmune diseases include Grave's disease, myasthenia gravis, and rheumatic fever.

Q: Matching Questions Which of the following may explain why self-tolerance may fail? A. A non-circulating antigen becomes exposed to the immune system. B. Antibodies directed against other antibodies are produced. C. Antibodies produced against foreign antigens cross-react with self-antigens. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Matching Questions Autoimmune diseases include A. type-1 diabetes mellitus. B. pernicious anemia. C. aspermatogenesis. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Matching Questions Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis B. multiple sclerosis C. atopic dermatitis D. glomerulonephritis

Q: Matching Questions Immune complex diseases are the result of wide-spread and continuous A. inflammation. B. fever. C. auto-antibody production. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Matching Questions Antibodies against _________ are found in people with systemic lupus erythematosus. A. DNA B. lipids C. red blood cells D. chromatin IgM

Q: Delayed hypersensitivity is most often treated with antihistamines.