Q&A Hero

Psychology

Q: The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called A. secretion. B. reabsorption. C. excretion. D. filtration.
Q: Renal clearance is decreased by reabsorption and increased by secretion.
Q: Where are OATs located? A. basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells B. apical membrane of distal tubule cells C. basolateral membrane of distal tubule cells D. apical membrane of collecting duct cells
Q: Inulin clearance gives a measurement of the glomerular filtration rate.
Q: If the rate of urine formation is 2 ml/min, the urine inulin concentration is 25 mg/ml, and the plasma inulin concentration 0.5 mg/ml, then the GFR is A. 0.04 mL/min. B. 100 mL/min. C. 6.25 mL/min. D. None of the choices are correct.
Q: Inulin is a good measure of GFR because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.
Q: Plasma measurement of creatinine is a close estimate of GFR.
Q: Decreased glomerular filtration rate would A. increase plasma protein clearance rate. B. increase plasma urea clearance rate. C. decrease plasma creatinine clearance rate. D. decrease plasma glucose clearance rate.
Q: The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and reabsorbed must be less than the GFR.
Q: Tubular secretion of small xenobioticsis often accomplished by polyspecific organic anion transporters.
Q: The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as A. glomerular filtration. B. renal clearance. C. micturition. D. reabsorption
Q: Which transporters in the proximal tubule are polyspecific and transport small molecules of drugs and toxins to the ultrafiltrate? A. water transporters B. renal aquaporins C. organic anion transporters D. toxiporins
Q: The presence of antidiuretic hormone causes aquaporins to be formed in the collecting duct cells.
Q: Antidiuretic hormone exerts its effect via a cAMP second messenger system.
Q: Neurohypophyseal secretion of __________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine. A. aldosterone B. renin C. antidiuretic hormone D. angiotensin I
Q: An increase in plasma osmolality will cause the secretion of ADH.
Q: An increase of blood volume will cause secretion of ADH.
Q: Tubular ultrafiltrate enters the collecting duct from the A. glomerulus. B. loop of Henle. C. distal convoluted tubule. D. proximal convoluted tubule.
Q: Antidiuretic hormone A. stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney. B. induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. C. is secreted in response to dehydration. D. All of the choices are correct.
Q: Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the A. vasa recta. B. peritubular capillaries. C. loop of Henle. D. Both vasa recta and loop of Henle are correct.
Q: _________ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules. A. Urea B. Protein C. Creatinine D. Xenobiotic molecule
Q: Urea transport in the collecting duct is a(n) __________ process. A. active B. passive C. exocytosis D. endocytosis
Q: Urea is transported out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle to add to the high osmolarity of the medulla.
Q: The collecting duct is naturally impermeable to salt but permeable to water.
Q: Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with the inadequate secretion or action of ADH.
Q: Water permeability in the collecting duct is varied by altering the number of aquaporins present.
Q: The maximal response to antidiuretic hormone occurs in the cortical nephrons.
Q: Water permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.
Q: What is present in the vasa recta to remove water for the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla? A. Na+/K+ pump B. urea transporters C. aquaporins D. ADH receptors
Q: Na+ is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle from the tubular lumen.
Q: The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water. A. ascending B. descending C. both limbs D. neither
Q: The ____ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to salt. A. ascending B. descending C. both limbs D. neither
Q: The tubular filtrate osmolarity __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A. increases decreases C. remains unchanged Chapter 17
Q: Inhibition of the functions of the descending limb of the loop of Henle would stimulate A. decreased water reabsorption. B. increased Na+ reasbsorption. C. decreased Na+ reabsorption. D. increased water reabsorption.
Q: The vasa recta have the net effect of concentrating solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.
Q: The __________ acts as a countercurrent exchanger. A. juxtaglomerular apparatus B. peritubular capillaries C. vasa recta D. macula densa
Q: Salt leaving the ascending limb of the loop of Henle causes the loss of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
Q: The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the A. proximal convoluted tubule. B. base of the Loop of Henle. C. distal convoluted tubule. D. cortical portion of the collecting duct.
Q: What creates a Na+ concentration gradient in the proximal tubule? A. Na+/K+ pump B. diffusion of Na+ C. osmosis of water D. diffusion of Cl-
Q: Na+ moves by _____ from the filtrate into the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. A. active transport B. Na+/K+ pump C. diffusion D. pinocytosis
Q: The reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule creates an osmotic gradient for the diffusion of _____ to occur. A. Cl- B. H2O C. K+ D. All of the choices are correct.
Q: Since water follows the reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule, the filtrate is isomotic with the blood.
Q: The proximal tubule and loop of Henle are subject to hormonal regulation of sodium and water.
Q: As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolality of the filtrate increases.
Q: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it.
Q: The __________ surface of the simple cuboidal epithelia in the proximal convoluted tubule contains microvilli. A. lateral B. basal C. basolateral D. apical
Q: Na+ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl- reabsoprtion is a(n) __________ process. A. active, active B. active, passive C. passive, passive D. passive, active
Q: Epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a lower concentration of Na+ than the filtrate.
Q: Glomerular filtration would be decreased by A. increased plasma protein concentration. B. increased glomerular filtrate protein concentration. C. decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure. D. increased mean arterial pressure.
Q: Through renal autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arteriole to ____ and therefore the GFR will ____. A. dilate, not change B. dilate, decrease. C. constrict, decrease. D. constrict, not change.
Q: Under conditions of severe dehydration approximately 99.2% of the glomerular ultrafiltrate volume is reabsorbed.
Q: The minimum urine volume needed to excrete metabolic wastes produced by the body is called as A. renal plasma threshold. B. renal autoregulation. C. obligatory water loss. D. renal transport minimum.
Q: The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called as A. reabsorption. B. secretion. C. filtration. D. autoregulation.
Q: The majority of reabsorption occurs in the A. collecting duct. B. distal convoluted tubule. C. loop of Henle. D. proximal convoluted tubule.
Q: The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day. A. 300 mL B. 400 mL C. 600 mL D. 800 mL
Q: The transport of water is always an active process.
Q: ATP and adenosine from macula densa cells stimulate vasodilation of the afferent arteriole.
Q: The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called as A. renal plasma threshold. B. renal transport maximum. C. renal plasma clearance. D. renal autoregulation.
Q: Hypotension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles. A. constriction dilation C. no change Chapter 17
Q: The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the A. macula densa. B. glomerulus. C. vasa recta. D. macula lutea.
Q: What is the net filtration pressure of the glomerular capillaries? A. 10 mm Hg inward B. 15 mm Hg outward C. 15 mm Hg inward D. 10 mm Hg outward
Q: Which of the following is a layer of the renal corpuscle? A. glomerular visceral epithelium B. glomerular parietal epithelium C. glomerular endothelium D. All of the choices are correct.
Q: The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to A. 180 L/day. B. 5.5 L/min. C. 100 mmHg/hour. D. 8 mg/hour.
Q: Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure.
Q: Highly elevated blood pressure would stimulate an increased glomerular filtration rate.
Q: A decrease in blood pressure will cause an increase in GFR through sympathetic stimulation.
Q: An increased GFR leads to an increase in urine production.
Q: Increased sympathetic neuron activity will cause A. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles. B. increased GFR. C. increased urine production. D. decreased blood volume.
Q: Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism.
Q: Where is the micturition center? A. S2-S4 of the spinal cord B. medulla oblongata C. urinary bladder D. pons
Q: Which sphincter is under voluntary control? A. internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter Chapter 17
Q: The guarding reflex prevents voiding.
Q: Which of the following is NOT a potential filtration barrier in the glomerular capsule? A. glomerular basement membrane B. capillary fenestrae C. parietal layer of the capsule D. slit diaphragm
Q: The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the A. glomerular basement membrane B. capillary fenestrae C. parietal layer of the capsule D. slit diaphragm
Q: What type of cells form the third filtration barrier? A. podocytes B. ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells C. capillary simple squamous epithelial cells D. glomerulocytes
Q: What is the order that filtrate must pass through to the glomerular capsule? A. podocytes of glomerular epithelium, glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae B. capillary fenestrae, glomerular basement membrane, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium C. glomerular basement membrane, capillary fenestrae, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium D. capillary fenestrae, podocytes of visceral glomerular epithelium, glomerular basement membrane
Q: Which of the following is NOT true of acute mountain sickness? A. caused by hyperventilation and hypercapnia B. may be treated with a drug that causes excretion of bicarbonate C. low PO2 in the brain causes a headache D. pulmonary and cerebral edema are serious complications
Q: After a few days at a higher elevation, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases due to 2,3-DPG.
Q: A lower affinity for oxygen will decrease oxygen unloading to tissues.
Q: Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.
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