Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures? A. distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule B. proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle C. Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule D. loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Q: The guarding reflex allows the urinary bladder to fill by A. inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle. B. stimulating sympathetic nerves to the external urethral sphincter to contract. C. responding to stretch receptors in the bladder wall. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small intestine? A. lipase B. carboxypeptidase C. ribonuclease D. amylase

Q: Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from? A. bicarbonate in the blood B. CO2 in the blood C. acini cells D. pancreatic islets

Q: Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by the small intestine? A. secretin B. gastric inhibitory peptide C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin

Q: Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK? A. stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice B. stimulates contraction of the gall bladder C. inhibits gastric motility D. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

Q: Which of the following is NOT an effect of gastrin? A. stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl B. stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen C. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice enzymes D. maintains structure of gastric mucosa

Q: The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney. A. calyx B. nephron C. neuron D. medulla

Q: The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules. A. vasa recta B. peritubular capillary C. glomerulus D. interlobar capillary

Q: _______________ is an autosomal dominant inherited condition in which progressive renal failure develops due to expanded portions of the renal tubule. A. Glomerulonephritis B. Renal calculus C. Polycystic kidney disease D. Pyelonephritis

Q: The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine. A. juxtamedullary B. cortical C. pelvic D. calical

Q: What structure is an arteriole capillary bed - drained by an arteriole instead of a venule? A. peritubular capillaries B. vasa recta C. glomerulus D. juxtaglomerular apparatus

Q: The renal pelvis receives urine from the A. minor calyces. B. ureters. C. renal pyramids. D. major calyces.

Q: Damage to which of the following neurons would impair micturition? A. parasympathetic neurons B. sympathetic neurons C. pudendal somatic motor neurons D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: ________ are composed of crystals and proteins that grow until they break loose and pass into the urine collection system. A. Renal columns B. Renal calculi C. Renal calyces D. Renal pyramids

Q: Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat A. polycystic kidney disease. B. glomerulonephritis. C. acute renal failure. D. renal calculi.

Q: Incontinence could develop as a result of A. pressure on the detrusor muscle. B. poor bladder compliance. C. damage to the external urethral sphincter. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: The process of urination is called A. deglutition. B. micturition. C. incontinence. D. glomerular filtration.

Q: Short Answer Questions CAPD utilizes the _________ as a dialysis membrane. A. artificial semipermeable membrane B. urinary bladder C. peritoneum D. lungs

Q: Short Answer Questions Uremia may cause A. acidosis. B. hyperkalemia. C. uretic coma. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Short Answer Questions Kidney stones may result in all the following EXCEPT A. renal insufficiency. B. hypertension due to water and salt retention. C. polyuria. D. uremia.

Q: Dialysis fluid has Na+, K+, and glucose present so that those substances will not be removed from the patient's blood.

Q: The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid.

Q: Blood pressure is regulated through the actions of the kidneys.

Q: The actions of the kidney include regulation of A. blood plasma pH. B. blood plasma volume. C. blood plasma electrolyte concentration. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder? A. ureters B. urethras C. calyces D. pyramids

Q: Urine collects in the urinary bladder prior to entry into the urethra.

Q: Damage to the lumbar region of the spinal cord could impair micturition.

Q: Short Answer Questions Renal insufficiency A. stimulates metabolic alkalosis. B. often results from dialysis. C. may occur as a result of arteriosclerosis. D. stimulates hypokalemia.

Q: Hypertension and edema are often treated with diuretics.

Q: Short Answer Questions Neuromuscular disorders and electrocardiographic abnormalities can result from A. hypokalemia. B. excessive use of loop diuretics. C. excessive use of thiazide diuretics. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Short Answer Questions Spironolactone A. inhibits the actions of aldosterone. B. blocks bicarbonate reabsorption. C. stimulates hypertension. D. activates Na+/K+ pumps.

Q: Short Answer Questions Loop diuretics such as Lasix A. inhibit the actions of ADH. B. add extra solutes to the filtrate. C. inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending loop of Henle limb. D. inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule.

Q: Short Answer Questions Thiazide diuretics A. inhibit the actions of ADH. B. add extra solutes to the filtrate. C. inhibit active transport of salt out of the ascending limb of Henle loop. D. inhibit salt transport in the first section of the distal tubule and the last part of the ascending limb of Henle loop.

Q: Renal damage often produces microalbuminuria.

Q: Glomerulonephritis may result from destruction of the glomerular capillary basement membrane.

Q: Renal insufficiency often results from dialysis.

Q: Short Answer Questions __________ is believed to be an autoimmune disease affecting the kidney. A. Pyelonephritis B. Polycystic kidney C. Glomerulonephritis D. Cystitis

Q: Short Answer Questions Which test can be used to detect renal damage from diabetes or hypertension? A. urea clearance B. PAH clearance C. inulin clearance D. urinary albumin excretion rate

Q: The kidneys provide short term adjustments to maintain body pH.

Q: Short Answer Questions Bicarbonate must be converted to ____ to move into tubule cells to reduce blood pH. A. carbonic anhydrase B. carbonic acid C. carbon dioxide D. None of the choices are correct.

Q: The kidneys can directly reabsorb bicarbonate.

Q: Short Answer Questions Since most filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed, where does the bicarbonate come from that is used to compensate for acidosis? A. carbonic acid B. carbon dioxide C. glutamine D. glucose

Q: The osmotic diuretic mannitol inhibits salt and water absorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Q: The buffers of urinary pH are ammonia and monohydrogen phosphate.

Q: Short Answer Questions Inhibiting the actions of __________ would impair the ability of the kidney to regulate pH of the blood. A. aldosterone B. ADH C. carbonic anhydrase D. inulin

Q: Short Answer Questions In response to alkalosis A. the kidney maximally reabsorbs bicarbonate. B. the kidney excretes bicarbonate. C. excess H+ enters the tubular filtrate. D. tubular carbonic anhydrase is inhibited.

Q: The apical membranes of the tubular cells are impermeable to bicarbonate.

Q: Short Answer Questions The presence of renin secreting tumors may cause A. hypertension. B. increased aldosterone secretion. C. increased renal sodium reabsorption. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Short Answer Questions Hemorrhage would induce A. increased renin secretion. B. increased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion. C. decreased ADH secretion. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Short Answer Questions An inadequate dietary intake of NaCl will cause A. a rise in blood volume. B. a rise in renal blood flow. C. increased renin secretion. D. decreased aldosterone secretion.

Q: Short Answer Questions Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by a(n) ____ in blood Na+ or a(n) ___ in blood K+. A. increase, decrease B. increase, increase C. decrease, increase D. decrease, decrease

Q: Short Answer Questions The conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II occurs primarily in the A. liver. B. adrenal cortex. C. kidneys. D. lungs.

Q: Potassium secretion by the kidneys is only possible due to the action of aldosterone.

Q: Diuresis is stimulated by atrial natriuretic peptide.

Q: In response to low blood plasma Na+, reduced ADH will decrease water volume in the blood to match lower Na+ concentration while increased aldosterone will increase Na+ reabsorption to match the higher water volume of blood.

Q: Short Answer Questions Changes in blood volume are detected by A. osmoreceptors in hypothalamus. B. stretch receptors in the atria. C. cells in the proximal convoluted tubule. D. osmoreceptors in the medulla.

Q: Short Answer Questions Conn's syndrome results in hypokalemia and A. metabolic alkalosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. loss of H+. D. Both metabolic alkalosis and loss of H+ are correct.

Q: Short Answer Questions Depletion of extracellular K+ may induce A. metabolic acidosis. B. metabolic alkalosis. C. hyperventilation. D. None of the choices are correct.

Q: An increase in extracellular H+ concentration may result in ______ extracellular K+. increased B. decreased C. no change in Chapter 17

Q: Short Answer Questions Angiotensin-converting enzyme is mostly present in the capillaries of the A. liver. B. kidneys. C. lungs. D. adrenal medulla.

Q: Short Answer Questions People with diabetes mellitus have polyuria because A. they have inadequate amounts of ADH. B. they have greater oncotic pressure in the kidney tubules. C. they have inadequate amounts of aldosterone. D. they drink a lot of water.

Q: Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates renal potassium retention.

Q: Short Answer Questions Inhibition of __________ secretion from the adrenal cortex stimulates hyperkalemia. A. aldosterone B. renin C. angiotensin I D. angiotensin II

Q: Short Answer Questions Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce A. decreased plasma potassium. B. decreased plasma sodium. C. decreased plasma chloride. D. no change in plasma ion balance.

Q: Short Answer Questions Diuretics A. decrease urine production. B. induce hypertension. C. often act on the proximal convoluted tubule. D. often act on the distal convoluted tubule.

Q: Short Answer Questions The main region of aldosterone action is the A. distal convoluted tubule. B. proximal convoluted tubule. C. medullary collecting duct. D. cortical collecting duct.

Q: Short Answer Questions Due to the action of aldosterone, water is reabsorbed because A. sodium is excreted in the urine. B. potassium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood. C. sodium is reabsorbed into peritubular blood. D. aldosterone opens aquapores.

Q: Short Answer Questions Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to decreased blood volume and increased sympathetic nerve activity by secreting A. renin. B. inulin. C. angiotensinogen. D. natriuretic hormone.

Q: PAH actually measures A. glomerular filtration rate. B. renal plasma clearance. C. total renal blood flow. D. transport maximum.

Q: The minimum plasma concentration of a substance that results in the excretion of that substance in the urine is the A. transport maximum. B. GFR. C. renal plasma clearance. D. renal plasma threshold.

Q: The concentration of glucose in the glomerular ultrafiltrate is less than that of plasma.

Q: Only about 20% of renal blood is filtered in one pass through the kidneys.

Q: The _________________ is the saturation point of renal carrier molecules. A. transport maximum B. GFR C. renal plasma clearance D. renal plasma threshold

Q: If the urine volume formation is 2 mL/min, the concentration of urea in plasma is 0.3 mg/mL of urea, and the concentration in the urine is 7.8 mg/mL of urea, what is the urea clearance? (Give answer in proper units)

Q: Short Answer Questions People with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria because A. the total renal blood flow is low. B. the plasma glucose concentration is greater than the renal plasma threshold. C. they have inadequate amounts of ADH. D. None of the choices are correct.

Q: The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and secreted is ____ the GFR. greater than B. less than C. equal to Chapter 17

Q: The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is ___ the GFR. A. greater than B. less than equal to Chapter 17

Q: Renal clearance of PAH __________ glomerular filtration rate. A. is equal to exceeds C. is less than Chapter 17

Q: The effectiveness of some antibiotics, such as penicillin, is enhanced by preventing their excretion by use of A. toxiporins. B. organic anion transporters. C. probenecid. D. xenobiotics.