Q&A Hero

Q: Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor.

Q: Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. A. goblet B. parietal C. D cells D. chief or zymogenic

Q: Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the A. duodenum. B. jejunum. C. ileum. D. cecum.

Q: The _________________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. A. G cells B. parietal cells C. enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells D. chief cells

Q: Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin ________ deficiency. A. C B. B6 C. B12 D. D

Q: The mucosa of the esophagus is A. stratified cuboidal epithelium. B. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. C. simple columnar epithelium. D. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Q: Deglutition is coordinated by the swallowing center in the A. brain stem. B. cerebrum. C. spinal cord. D. cerebellum.

Q: Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.

Q: Paracrine regulators are part of the extrinsic regulation of the GI tract.

Q: Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? A. pharyngeal B. peristalsis C. reflux D. segmentation

Q: The initial phase of deglutition is a voluntary process.

Q: Chewing of food is A. deglutition. B. mastication. C. peristalsis. D. segmentation.

Q: What structure keeps food from exitting from the nose during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. nasopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue

Q: What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. laryngopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue

Q: The combination of chewed food and saliva is called A. chyme. B. a bolus. C. pylorus. D. hiatal.

Q: The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.

Q: Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall? A. so you do not choke B. the first phase of swallowing is voluntary C. so that peristalsis can occur D. the first phase of swallowing is involuntary

Q: What structures supplies autonomic nerves to the muscularis tunic? A. Meissner's plexus B. Auterbach's plexus C. myenteric plexus D. Both Auterbach's plexus and myenteric plexus are correct.

Q: Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A. glossopharyngeal nerve B. hypoglossal nerve C. vagus nerve D. phrenic nerve

Q: The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.

Q: What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract? A. hormones B. autonomic nervous system C. enteric nervous system D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules? A. specific enzyme B. acid C. water D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct.

Q: Which tunic of the GI tract is vascular and has many nerves and glands? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa

Q: Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.

Q: Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis B. mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis D. serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Q: Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an A. elevated HDL-cholesterol. B. elevated LDL-cholesterol. C. elevated total cholesterol. D. elevated VLDL-cholesterol.

Q: The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.

Q: Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate.

Q: Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A. peristalsis. B. segmentation. C. deglutition. D. mastication.

Q: Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT A. deglutition. B. hormone secretion. C. absorption. D. hormone degradation.

Q: The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.

Q: Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. pharynx B. liver C. small intestine D. esophagus

Q: Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.

Q: Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa

Q: Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description? A. peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions B. mastication - removal of wastes C. ingestion - taking food into the mouth D. deglutition - swallowing

Q: The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is A. ingestion. B. deglutition. C. absorption. D. segmentation.

Q: Cholesterol produced by the body is transported in the blood as A. high-density. B. low-density. C. very low-density. D. medium-density.

Q: Dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed into intestinal cells and then hydrolyzed into free amino acids.

Q: Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol.

Q: Colipase is secreted by the duodenum and functions in fat emulsification.

Q: Chylomicrons are combinations of lipid and protein formed in intestinal epithelial cells.

Q: Very-low-density lipoproteins are produced by the liver.

Q: Low-density lipoproteins functions to remove and degrade cholesterol.

Q: Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and ____. A. hydrochloric acid, pepsin. B. bile, bicarbonate. C. lipase, bile. D. water, bile.

Q: Cholesterol removal is facilitated by the production of __________ lipoproteins. A. high-density B. low-density C. very low-density D. medium-density

Q: Triglycerides are remade in intestinal epithelial cells before combining with proteins to form chylomicrons.

Q: In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur? A. mouth and stomach B. duodenum and pancreas C. stomach and pancreas D. mouth and duodenum

Q: Most of the glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by A. simple diffusion. B. secondary active transport with Na+. C. osmosis. D. phagocytosis.

Q: The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the A. pancreas. B. duodenum. C. liver. D. salivary glands.

Q: Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are classified as endopeptidases.

Q: Exopeptidases include A. trypsin. B. aminopeptidase. C. elastase. D. chymotrypsin.

Q: Most protein digestion occurs in the A. mouth and esophagus. B. stomach and duodenum. C. duodenum and jejunum. D. pancreas and duodenum.

Q: Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by A. simple diffusion. B. cotransport with H+. C. facilitated diffusion. D. cotransport with Na+.

Q: Atrophy of the pancreatic acinar cells occurs in response to A. increased gastrin secretion. B. decreased sympathetic stimulation. C. decreased cholecystokinin secretion. D. increased secretin secretion.

Q: GI tract hormones affect the organs that secrete them.

Q: Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.

Q: The enzyme with the most basic pH optimum is A. pancreatic lipase. B. pepsin. C. maltase. D. salivary amylase.

Q: __________ is secreted by the ileum and colon and stimulates intestinal secretion of Cl- thereby causing elimination of NaCl and water in the feces. A. Guanylin B. Motilin C. Serotonin D. Nitric oxide

Q: The __________ stimulates decreased gastric motility. A. gastroileal reflex B. GLP-1 reflex C. ileogastric reflex D. GIP reflex

Q: The ______ stimulates increased gastrin activity and increased movement of chyme into the duodenum. A. gastroileal reflex B. GLP-1 reflex C. ileogastric reflex D. GIP reflex

Q: "Traveler's diarrhea" results when A. enterogastrone secretion is inhibited. B. gastrointestinal motility is stimulated by increased parasympathetic outflow. C. guanylin receptors in the ileum and colon are stimulated by enterotoxins. D. cholecystokinin secretion is inhibited.

Q: Sensory neurons within intestinal plexuses that travel in the vagus to the CNS are called A. extrinsic afferents. B. intrinsic afferents. C. paracrine regulators. D. myenteric afferents.

Q: Peristalsis is regulated by the A. sympathetic nervous system. B. parasympathetic nervous system. C. enteric nervous system. D. somatic nervous system.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of 5-hydroxytryptamine? A. it is secreted by ECL cells of the intestinal mucosa B. stimulates intrinsic afferent to activate motor neurons for peristalsis C. stimulates secretion of Cl- and water D. All of the choices are not true.

Q: Secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen.

Q: The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT: A. the intestinal phase of gastric function B. the release of serotonin from the duodenum C. the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas D. the release of bicarbonate into bile

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about CCK (cholecystokinin)? A. released in response to fat and protein in the chyme B. stimulates the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes C. uses cyclic AMP as the second messenger to pancreatic acinar cells D. controlled through a positive feedback loop

Q: Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _____ in the chyme. A. protein B. acid C. glucose D. fats

Q: Enterogasterone will _____ gastric function. A. stimulate inhibit C. have no effect on Chapter 18

Q: The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase.

Q: The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function.

Q: The major stimulus for the secretion of HCl during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is A. the smell of food. B. vagal stimulation of chief cells. C. release of histamine by ECL cells. D. vagal stimulation of parietal cells.

Q: The negative feedback control of HCl secretion in the gastric phase of gastric regulation is mainly by A. decline in gastrin secretion. B. increase in gastrin secretion. C. increase in somatostatin secretion. D. Both decrease in gastrin secretion and increase in somatostatin secretion.

Q: Gastric hydrochloric acid secretion is regulated through both negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Q: Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of gastric secretion. A. gastric B. cephalic C. hepatic D. intestinal

Q: Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is increased in response to A. increased secretin. B. increased GIP. C. increased guanylin. D. increased gastrin.

Q: During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function A. the vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion. B. stomach distension stimulates acid secretion. C. vagal nuclei are stimulated by smelling food. D. gastric emptying is inhibited.

Q: GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas.

Q: The arrival of chyme into the duodenum begins the _______ phase of stomach function. A. cephalic B. gastric C. intestinal D. hepatic

Q: The guarding reflex allows the urinary bladder to fill by A. inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation of the detrusor muscle. B. stimulating sympathetic nerves to the external urethral sphincter to contract. C. responding to stretch receptors in the bladder wall. D. All of the choices are correct.