Q&A Hero

Q: One gram of fat contains more energy than 2 grams of protein.

Q: Bile salts are derivatives of A. sodium chloride. B. hemoglobin. C. bilirubin. D. cholesterol.

Q: What role do bile salts play in digestion? A. emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes B. gives color to the feces C. needed for water reabsorption D. They play no role in digestion.

Q: The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into A. uric acid. B. ammonium ions. C. urea. D. amino acids.

Q: Micelles, made of bile salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water.

Q: Converting glucose into glycogen is the process of A. glycogenesis. B. glycogenolysis. C. gluconeogenesis. D. lipogenesis.

Q: Clotting factors are produced by the A. liver. B. pancreas. C. stomach. D. duodenum.

Q: Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver? A. hydroxylated steroid hormones B. uric acid C. digestive enzymes D. bilirubin

Q: Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzyme to break down hormones and drugs is mediated through the stimulation of what kind of receptor? A. specific anion receptor B. SXR receptor C. enterogastrone receptor D. enterokinase receptor

Q: ___________ is a principal bile acid. A. Chenodeoxycholic acid. B. Lactic acid. C. Uric acid. D. Both lactic acid and uric acid.

Q: The conjugation of nonpolar compounds in the liver makes them _____ and water _____. A. polar; soluble B. polar; insoluble C. cationic; soluble D. cationic; insoluble

Q: Inadequate bile secretion will limit emulsification of fats.

Q: Derivatives of ________ give feces a brown color. A. urobilinogen B. bilirubin C. cholesterol D. guanylin

Q: Multispecific organic anion transport carriers are present in the A. liver. B. nephron tubules. C. pancreas. D. Both liver and nephron tubules.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile? A. cholesterol B. bilirubin C. urea D. lethecin

Q: Bile pigment is a derivative of A. heme group without iron B. iron C. globin part of hemoglobin D. cholesterol

Q: Which is NOT true of conjugated bilirubin? A. bilirubin is combines with glucuronic acid B. it is not water soluble C. it is converted into urobilirubin in the intestine D. it is produced in the liver

Q: An important function of the liver is producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.

Q: Inhibiting hepatic function has no effect onblood clotting.

Q: Bile is derived from cholesterol.

Q: The process of waste removal is called A. defecation. B. mastication. C. deglutition. D. segmentation.

Q: Bile is produced by the gallbladder.

Q: ___________ are large capillary spaces separating hepatic plates. A. Hepatocytes B. Lobules C. Sinusoids D. Portal systems

Q: __________ is a condition in which large number of liver lobules are destroyed and replaced by permanent, scar-like connective tissue. A. Jaundice B. Hepatitis C. Cholecystitis D. Cirrhosis

Q: ____________ are hepatic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. A. Hepatocytes B. Kupffer cells C. Langerhan cells D. Merkel's cells

Q: Venous and arterial blood mix in a liver lobule.

Q: Blood from the digestive organs enters general circulation and eventually reaches the liver for processing.

Q: Bile is produced by A. Kupffer cells. B. gall bladder cells. C. hepatocytes. D. sinusoids.

Q: As bile is produced, it drains into A. bile canaliculi. B. hepatic veins. C. the central vein. D. sinusoids.

Q: A _____________ has the following pattern of circulation: capillaries -> veins -> capillaries -> veins. A. portal system B. sinusoid C. lobule D. glomerulus

Q: All of the following have an enterohepatic circulation EXCEPT A. penicillin. B. cholesterol. C. tetracycline. D. bilirubin.

Q: The enterohepatic circulation is between the _____ and _____. A. liver, stomach. B. liver, pancreas. C. liver, intestine. D. liver, gallbladder.

Q: Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.

Q: The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans.

Q: Excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora, increasing inflammation by pathogenic bacteria.

Q: What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine? A. protection by innate and adaptive immune systems B. the anaerobic environment C. availability of nutrients D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Normal levels of intestinal microbiota help protect us from pathogenic bacteria.

Q: Diarrhea often results when the osmolarity of the fecal matter in the colon is increased.

Q: Movement of water out of the large intestine is by A. active transport. B. cotransport. C. osmosis. D. All of the choices are correct.

Q: Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.

Q: Stress would cause GI motility and secretions to be A. increased. B. decreased. C. unchanged.

Q: Slow waves of the intestine are conducted through what type of cells? A. gastric cells B. microflora cells C. SXR Cells D. Cajal cells

Q: Slow wave depolarization triggers depolarization of smooth muscle by opening voltagegated ________ channels. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Ach

Q: The mixing movement of the small intestine is called A. deglutition. B. segmentation. C. micturition. D. peristalsis.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a section of the small intestine? A. ileum B. cecum C. jejunum D. duodenum

Q: The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.

Q: The primary function of the large intestine is A. water and electrolyte reabsorption. B. mineral absorption. C. hormone degradation. D. degrading toxins.

Q: The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called A. crypts. B. cecum. C. haustra. D. colon.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota? A. production of B vitamins B. ferment indigestible contents of the chyme C. production of vitamin K D. hydrolyze proteins

Q: What is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine? A. produce mucus B. divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells C. produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides D. produce digestive enzymes

Q: What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border? A. activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin B. breaks down dipeptides C. causes the stomach to produce gastrin D. causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Q: The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found A. in the pancreatic juice. B. in the brush border of the small intestine. C. in saliva. D. in the gastric mucosa.

Q: Drugs such as Zantac and Tagamet helps to gastritis and ulcers by A. blocking H2histamine receptors. B. blocking H1histamine receptors. C. inhibiting proton pumps. D. killing bacteria.

Q: Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.

Q: The first line of defense in the stomach against damaging acid and pepsin is the A. tight junctions of epithelial cells. B. rapid rate of epithelial cell replacement. C. adherent layer of mucus. D. release of gastrin.

Q: What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall? A. water and alcohol B. antacid and water C. alcohol and aspirin D. penicillin and aspirin

Q: Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area? A. rugae B. villi C. plicae circularis D. microvilli

Q: The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.

Q: Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.

Q: Protein digestion would decrease if lactase were not present on the brush border.

Q: Stem cells present in the intestinal crypts renew the intestinal epithelium every 4 to 5 days.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach? A. adherent layer of mucus B. bicarbonate C. gap junctions between epithelial cells D. rapid turnover of epithelial cells

Q: Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.

Q: Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCl from parietal cells.

Q: Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following EXCEPT: A. adherent layer of mucus B. Brunner's cells C. stomach D. pancreatic juice

Q: _________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus. A. Gastroenteritis B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease C. Pernicious anemia D. Gastritis

Q: H+/K+ ATPase pumps transport H+ against its concentration gradient out of the lumen of the stomach while transporting K+ in the opposite direction.

Q: Pepsin would have the greatest activity A. immediately upon secretion into the stomach. B. immediately upon entering the duodenum. C. when the pH of the chyme is greater than 3. D. when the pH of the chyme is less than 3.

Q: Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers? A. epinephrine B. histamine blockers C. gastric inhibitory peptide D. carboxypeptidase

Q: __________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCl release from parietal cells. A. Secretin B. CCK C. Gastrin D. Ghrelin

Q: Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called A. plicae. B. rugae. C. gastric pits. D. ghrelin.

Q: The stomach churns food into a pasty material is called A. a bolus. B. chyme. C. chyle. D. saliva.

Q: ____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12. A. Vitamin D B. Calcium C. Intrinsic factor D. Vitamin C

Q: Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by A. goblet cells. B. parietal cells. C. G cells. D. D cells.

Q: Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction of the A. D cells. B. G cells. C. chief cells. D. enterochromaffin-like cells.

Q: Mutating the gene encoding for the H+/K+ ATPase would block gastric HCl secretion.

Q: Antihistamines would limit the gastric secretion of A. pepsinogen. B. gastrin. C. hydrochloric acid. D. mucus.

Q: Acid chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas. A. mucus B. bicarbonate C. ammonia D. urea

Q: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with A. peptic ulcers. B. hiatal hernia. C. acid reflux. D. pancreatitis.

Q: The _________________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. A. G cells B. parietal cells C. enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells D. chief cells